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Ulendo wa silicon kupita pamwamba
Ntchito yolephera: Zimanenedwa kuti Shockley adawona mwayi waukulu wamsika panthawi yomwe palibe amene adakwanitsa kupanga silicon transistor;ndichifukwa chake adachoka ku Bell Labs mu 1956 kukayambitsa kampani yake ku California.Tsoka ilo, Shockley sanali wazamalonda wabwino ndipo kasamalidwe ka bizinesi yake inali ntchito yopusa poyerekeza ndi luso lake lamaphunziro.Kotero Shockley mwiniwake sanakwaniritse chikhumbo chofuna kusintha germanium ndi silicon, ndipo gawo la moyo wake wonse linali podium pa yunivesite ya Stanford.Patatha chaka chimodzi chikhazikitsidwe, anyamata asanu ndi atatu aluso omwe adawalemba adachoka kwa iye, ndipo anali "achiwembu asanu ndi atatu" omwe adayenera kukwaniritsa cholinga chochotsa germanium ndi silicon.

Kuwonjezeka kwa silicon transistor

A Eight Renegades asanakhazikitse Fairchild Semiconductor, ma transistors a germanium anali msika waukulu wa ma transistors, okhala ndi ma transistors pafupifupi 30 miliyoni opangidwa ku United States mu 1957, ma transistors a silicon miliyoni miliyoni ndi pafupifupi 29 miliyoni ma germanium transistors.Ndi gawo la msika la 20%, Texas Instruments idakhala chimphona pamsika wa transistor.

Makasitomala akulu kwambiri pamsika, boma la US ndi asitikali, akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito tchipisi tambirimbiri pamaroketi ndi zida zoponya, kukulitsa katundu wofunikira ndikuwongolera kudalirika kwamalo owongolera.Koma ma transistors adzakumananso ndi zovuta zogwirira ntchito chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri komanso kugwedezeka kwamphamvu.

Germanium ndiyo yoyamba kutayika ikafika kutentha: ma transistors a germanium amatha kupirira kutentha kwa 80 ° C kokha, pamene zofunikira za asilikali ndizogwira ntchito yokhazikika ngakhale pa 200 ° C.Chokhacho chomwe chingapirire kutentha kumeneku ndi silicon transistor.
Sendong adapanga njira yopangira ma silicon transistors, kuwapanga kukhala osavuta komanso ogwira mtima ngati mabuku osindikizidwa, komanso otsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa ma germanium transistors pamitengo.Njira ya Fairchild yopanga ma silicon transistors inali yovuta motere.

Choyamba, mawonekedwe amajambula ndi manja, nthawi zina aakulu kwambiri moti amatengera khoma, ndiyeno chojambulacho chimajambulidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala pepala laling'ono lowoneka bwino, nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mizere iwiri ya mapepala atatu, iliyonse ikuyimira chigawo chozungulira.

Kachiwiri, zinthu zosamva kuwala zimayikidwa pa chowotcha chosalala cha silicon chopukutidwa ndi chopukutidwa, ndipo UV / laser imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza mawonekedwe ozungulira kuchokera papepala losinthira kupita ku chowotcha cha silicon.

Chachitatu, madera ndi mizere mu gawo lamdima la pepala losasunthika limasiya mawonekedwe osawonekera pa chotupa cha silicon;machitidwe osawonekerawa amatsukidwa ndi yankho la asidi, ndipo mwina zonyansa za semiconductor zimawonjezeredwa (njira yofalitsa) kapena zowongolera zitsulo zimakutidwa.

Chachinayi, kubwereza masitepe atatu omwe ali pamwambawa pa mtanda uliwonse wowongoka, ma transistors ambiri amatha kupezeka pazitsulo za silicon, zomwe zimadulidwa ndi akazi ogwira ntchito pa microscope ndikugwirizanitsa ndi mawaya, kenaka amapakidwa, kuyesedwa, ndi kugulitsidwa.

Pokhala ndi ma transistors ambiri a silicon pamsika, Fairchild, yomwe idakhazikitsidwa ndi Eight Traitors, inali m'gulu lamakampani omwe angayime pambali zimphona ngati Texas Instruments.
Dalaivala wofunikira - Intel
Kunali kupangidwa kotsatira kwa dera lophatikizika lomwe linafotokoza mwachidule za ulamuliro wa germanium.Panthawiyo panali mizere iwiri yaukadaulo, imodzi ya mabwalo ophatikizika pa tchipisi ta germanium kuchokera ku Texas Instruments ndi ina ya mabwalo ophatikizika a tchipisi ta silicon ochokera ku Fairchild.Poyamba, makampani awiriwa anali ndi mkangano woopsa pa umwini wa zovomerezeka pamagulu ophatikizika, koma pambuyo pake Ofesi ya Patent inazindikira umwini wa mavoti pamagulu ophatikizidwa ndi makampani onse awiri.
Komabe, momwe njira ya Fairchild idatsogola kwambiri, idakhala muyeso wamabwalo ophatikizika ndipo ikupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano.Pambuyo pake, Noyce, yemwe anayambitsa dera lophatikizidwa, ndi Moore, yemwe anayambitsa Chilamulo cha Moore, adachoka ku Centron Semiconductor, omwe, mwachidziwikire, onse anali mamembala a "Eight Traitors".Pamodzi ndi Grove, adayambitsa kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya semiconductor chip - Intel.
Pachitukuko chotsatira, Intel idakankhira tchipisi ta silicon.Idamenya Texas Instruments, Motorola, ndi IBM kukhala mfumu ya semiconductor yosungirako ndi gawo la CPU.

Pamene Intel adakhala wosewera kwambiri pamakampani, silicon idathetsanso germanium, ndipo zomwe kale zinali Santa Clara Valley zidatchedwa "Silicon Valley".Kuyambira pamenepo, tchipisi ta silicon zakhala zofanana ndi tchipisi ta semiconductor pamalingaliro a anthu.