NUC975DK61Y - Madera Ophatikizidwa, Ophatikizidwa, Ma Microcontrollers - NUVOTON Technology Corporation

1 Kutanthauzira kwa Microcontroller

Monga microcontroller ndi masamu logic unit, kukumbukira, timer/calculator, ndi zosiyanasiyana / O mabwalo, etc. zophatikizidwa mu chip, kupanga maziko athunthu kompyuta dongosolo, amadziwikanso ngati single-chip microcomputer.

Pulogalamu mu kukumbukira kwa microcontroller yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi ma microcontroller hardware ndi ma peripheral hardware circuits, imasiyanitsidwa ndi mapulogalamu a PC, ndipo imatchedwa microcontroller program monga firmware.Kawirikawiri, microprocessor ndi CPU pa dera limodzi lophatikizika, pamene microcontroller ndi CPU, ROM, RAM, VO, timer, ndi zina zonse pamtunda umodzi wophatikizana.Poyerekeza ndi CPU, microcontroller ilibe mphamvu yamakompyuta yamphamvu kwambiri, komanso ilibe MemoryManaaement Unit, yomwe imapangitsa kuti microcontroller imangogwira ntchito zina, zomveka, ndi zina, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyang'anira zipangizo, makina opangira ma sensor. ndi magawo ena, monga zida zapakhomo, zida zamakampani, zida zamagetsi, ndi zina.

2 Kapangidwe ka microcontroller

Microcontroller imakhala ndi magawo angapo: purosesa yapakati, kukumbukira, ndi zolowetsa / zotulutsa:

- Central purosesa:

Purosesa yapakati ndiye gawo lalikulu la MCU, kuphatikiza magawo awiri akulu a woyendetsa ndi wowongolera.

- Woyendetsa

Ogwiritsa ntchito ali ndi masamu & logical unit (ALU), accumulator ndi register, ndi zina zotero. Udindo wa ALU ndikuchita masamu kapena maopaleshoni omveka pa data yomwe ikubwera.ALU imatha kuwonjezera, kuchotsa, kufananiza, kapena kufananiza kukula kwa deta ziwirizi, ndikusunga zotsatira zake mu accumulator.

Othandizira ali ndi ntchito ziwiri:

(1) Kuchita masamu osiyanasiyana.

(2) Kuchita zochitika zosiyanasiyana zomveka komanso kuyesa mayesero omveka, monga kuyesa mtengo wa zero kapena kuyerekeza kwa zikhalidwe ziwiri.

Ntchito zonse zochitidwa ndi wogwiritsa ntchito zimayendetsedwa ndi zizindikiro zowongolera kuchokera kwa wolamulira, ndipo, pamene ntchito ya masamu imapanga zotsatira za masamu, ntchito yomveka imapanga chigamulo.

-Wowongolera

Woyang'anira amapangidwa ndi kauntala yamapulogalamu, kaundula wa malangizo, decoder ya malangizo, jenereta ya nthawi ndi woyang'anira ntchito, ndi zina zotero. Ndilo "bungwe lopanga zisankho" lomwe limapereka malamulo, mwachitsanzo, kugwirizanitsa ndi kuwongolera kachitidwe ka microcomputer yonse.Ntchito zake zazikulu ndi izi:

(1) Kutenganso malangizo kuchokera pamtima ndikuwonetsa komwe kuli malangizo otsatira pamtima.

(2) Kuzindikira ndikuyesa malangizowo ndikupanga chizindikiro chowongolera kuti chithandizire kuchita zomwe zanenedwazo.

(3) Amawongolera ndikuwongolera komwe kumayenda kwa data pakati pa CPU, kukumbukira, ndi zida zolowetsa ndi zotulutsa.

Microprocessor imalumikiza ALU, zowerengera, zolembetsa ndi gawo lowongolera kudzera mu basi yamkati, ndikulumikizana ndi kukumbukira kwakunja ndi mabwalo olowera / zotulutsa kudzera mu basi yakunja.Mabasi akunja, omwe amatchedwanso system bus, amagawidwa mu data bus DB, adilesi basi AB ndi control bus CB, ndipo amalumikizidwa ndi zida zosiyanasiyana zotumphukira kudzera pagawo lolowera / zotulutsa.

-Memory

Memory ikhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: kukumbukira kwa data ndi kukumbukira pulogalamu.

Kukumbukira kwa data kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga deta ndipo kusungirako mapulogalamu kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga mapulogalamu ndi magawo.

-Kulowetsa/Kutulutsa -Kulumikiza kapena kuyendetsa zida zosiyanasiyana

Siri kulankhulana madoko-kusinthanitsa deta pakati MCU ndi zotumphukira zosiyanasiyana, monga UART, SPI, 12C, etc.

3 Gulu la Microcontroller

Potengera kuchuluka kwa ma bits, ma microcontroller amatha kugawidwa kukhala: 4-bit, 8-bit, 16-bit, ndi 32-bit.Muzochita zenizeni, ma 32-bit amawerengera 55%, 8-bit amawerengera 43%, 4-bit amawerengera 2%, ndipo 16-bit amawerengera 1%.

Zitha kuwoneka kuti ma 32-bit ndi 8-bit microcontrollers ndi omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri masiku ano.
Kusiyana kwa ma bits sikuyimira ma microprocessors abwino kapena oyipa, osati kuchuluka kwa ma bits komwe kumakhala bwino kwa microprocessor, komanso kutsika kwa ma bits kumapangitsa kuti microprocessor ikhale yoyipa kwambiri.

8-bit MCUs ndi zosunthika;amapereka mapulogalamu osavuta, mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu ndi kukula kwa phukusi laling'ono (ena ali ndi mapini asanu ndi limodzi okha).Koma ma microcontroller awa sagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pamaneti ndi kulumikizana.

Ma protocol omwe amapezeka kwambiri pamaneti ndi mapulogalamu olumikizirana ndi 16- kapena 32-bit.Zolumikizira zolumikizirana zimapezeka pazida zina za 8-bit, koma ma 16- ndi 32-bit MCU nthawi zambiri ndi omwe amasankha bwino.Komabe, ma 8-bit MCUs nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pakuwongolera, kumva, ndi mawonekedwe osiyanasiyana.

Zomangamanga, ma microcontrollers amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri: RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computers) ndi CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computers).

RISC ndi microprocessor yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mitundu yochepera ya malangizo apakompyuta ndipo idayamba m'ma 1980 ndi mainframe a MIPS (ie, makina a RISC), ndipo ma microprocessors omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pamakina a RISC onse pamodzi amatchedwa RISC processors.Mwanjira iyi, imatha kuchita ntchito mwachangu (mamiliyoni ochulukirapo pa sekondi iliyonse, kapena MIP).Chifukwa makompyuta amafunikira ma transistors owonjezera ndi zinthu zozungulira kuti agwiritse ntchito mtundu uliwonse wa malangizo, kukula kwa malangizo apakompyuta kumapangitsa kuti microprocessor ikhale yovuta komanso imagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono.

CISC imaphatikizaponso malangizo ang'onoang'ono omwe amathandizira kupanga mapulogalamu omwe amayenda pa purosesa.Malangizowa amapangidwa ndi chilankhulo cha msonkhano, ndipo ntchito zina zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambira ndi mapulogalamu zimayendetsedwa ndi dongosolo la malangizo a hardware m'malo mwake.Ntchito ya wopanga mapulogalamuyo imachepetsedwa kwambiri, ndipo ntchito zina zapansi kapena ntchito zina zimakonzedwa nthawi imodzi mu nthawi ya malangizo kuti awonjezere kuthamanga kwa makompyuta, ndipo dongosololi limatchedwa dongosolo la malangizo ovuta.

4 Mwachidule

Chovuta chachikulu kwa akatswiri opanga zamagetsi zamagalimoto amasiku ano ndikumanga zotsika mtengo, zopanda mavuto, ndipo ngakhale zitalephera zimatha kugwira ntchito zamagalimoto, mumayendedwe amagalimoto amapita patsogolo pang'onopang'ono pakadali pano, ma microcontroller akuyembekezeka kupititsa patsogolo magwiridwe antchito. ya magalimoto zamagetsi zamagetsi.