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Maulendo Ophatikizidwa

An Integrated circuit (IC) ndi chipangizo cha semiconductor chomwe chimanyamula tinthu tating'onoting'ono monga ma capacitor, diode, transistors, ndi resistors.Tizigawo zing'onozing'onozi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito powerengera ndi kusunga deta mothandizidwa ndi luso la digito kapena analogi.Mutha kuganiza za IC ngati chip chaching'ono chomwe chingagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati dera lathunthu, lodalirika.Mabwalo ophatikizika amatha kukhala kauntala, oscillator, amplifier, logic gate, timer, memory memory, kapena microprocessor.

IC imatengedwa kuti ndiyo maziko a zida zonse zamakono zamakono.Dzina lake limapereka dongosolo la zinthu zingapo zolumikizana zomwe zimayikidwa muzinthu zoonda, zopangidwa ndi silicon.

Mbiri ya Madera Ophatikizidwa 

Ukadaulo wa mabwalo ophatikizika adayambitsidwa mu 1950 ndi Robert Noyce ndi Jack Kilby ku United States of America.Gulu lankhondo la US Air Force linali loyamba kugwiritsa ntchito zida zatsopanozi.Jack nayenso Kilby adapambana Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi mu 2000 chifukwa chopanga ma IC ang'onoang'ono.

Zaka 1.5 pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa mapangidwe a Kilby, Robert Noyce adayambitsa mtundu wake wa dera lophatikizika.Chitsanzo chake chinathetsa nkhani zingapo zothandiza pa chipangizo cha Kilby.Noyce adagwiritsanso ntchito silicon popanga chitsanzo chake, pomwe Jack Kilby adagwiritsa ntchito germanium. 

Robert Noyce ndi Jack Kilby onse ali ndi ma patent aku US chifukwa chakuthandizira kwawo kumadera ophatikizika.Iwo ankalimbana ndi nkhani zamalamulo kwa zaka zingapo.Pomaliza, makampani onse a Noyce ndi Kilby adaganiza zopatsa ziphaso zomwe adapanga ndikuziwonetsa msika waukulu wapadziko lonse lapansi.

Mitundu Yophatikiza Ma Circuits

Pali mitundu iwiri ya mabwalo ophatikizika.Izi ndi:

1. Analogi ICs

Ma IC a analogi amakhala ndi zotuluka zosinthika nthawi zonse, kutengera chizindikiro chomwe akupeza.Mwachidziwitso, ma IC oterowo atha kupeza zigawo zopanda malire.Mu mtundu uwu wa IC, mlingo wotuluka wa kayendetsedwe kake ndi ntchito yofananira ya mlingo wolowetsa chizindikiro.

Ma Linear IC amatha kugwira ntchito ngati ma radio-frequency (RF) ndi audio-frequency (AF) amplifiers.Chokulitsa (op-amp) ndi chipangizo chomwe chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pano.Kuphatikiza apo, sensor ya kutentha ndi ntchito ina wamba.Ma Linear IC amatha kuyatsa ndi kuzimitsa zida zosiyanasiyana chizindikirocho chikafika pamtengo wina.Ukadaulo umenewu ungaupeze m’mavuvuni, ma heaters, ndi ma air conditioners. 

2. Digital ICs 

Izi ndizosiyana ndi ma analogi IC.Sagwira ntchito pamlingo wokhazikika wazizindikiro.M'malo mwake, amagwira ntchito pamilingo yochepa yokhazikitsidwa kale.Ma Digital ICs amagwira ntchito mothandizidwa ndi zipata zomveka.Zipata zomveka zimagwiritsa ntchito deta ya binary.Zizindikiro mu data ya binary zili ndi magawo awiri okha omwe amadziwika kuti otsika (logic 0) ndi apamwamba (logic 1).

Digital ICs amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana monga makompyuta, modemu, ndi zina.

N'chifukwa Chiyani Ma Circuits Ophatikizidwa Ali Otchuka?

Ngakhale adapangidwa zaka pafupifupi 30 zapitazo, mabwalo ophatikizika amagwiritsidwabe ntchito pazinthu zambiri.Tiyeni tikambirane zina mwazinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kutchuka kwawo : 

1.Scalability 

Zaka zingapo zapitazo, ndalama zamakampani a semiconductor zidafika pa 350 Biliyoni USD.Intel ndiye adathandizira kwambiri pano.Panalinso osewera ena, ndipo ambiri mwa iwo anali a msika wa digito.Mukayang'ana manambala, mudzawona kuti 80 peresenti ya malonda opangidwa ndi makampani a semiconductor anali ochokera kumsika uno.

Mabwalo ophatikizana athandizira kwambiri izi.Mukuwona, ofufuza amakampani a semiconductor adasanthula dera lophatikizika, momwe amagwiritsidwira ntchito, ndi mafotokozedwe ake ndikulikulitsa.

IC yoyamba yomwe idapangidwapo inali ndi ma transistors ochepa chabe - 5 kukhala achindunji.Ndipo tsopano tawona Intel's 18-core Xeon yokhala ndi ma transistors okwana 5.5 biliyoni.Kuphatikiza apo, IBM's Storage Controller inali ndi ma transistors 7.1 biliyoni okhala ndi cache ya 480 MB L4 mu 2015.

Kuchulukiraku kwatenga gawo lalikulu pakutchuka komwe kulipo kwa Integrated Circuits.

2. Mtengo

Pakhala pali zokambirana zingapo pa mtengo wa IC.Kwa zaka zambiri, pakhala pali malingaliro olakwika okhudza mtengo weniweni wa IC nawonso.Chifukwa cha izi ndikuti ma IC salinso lingaliro losavuta.Tekinoloje ikupita patsogolo mwachangu kwambiri, ndipo opanga ma chip ayenera kuyenderana ndi liwiro lotere powerengera mtengo wa IC.

Zaka zingapo zapitazo, kuwerengera mtengo kwa IC komwe kunkadalira kufa kwa silicon.Panthawiyo, kuyerekezera mtengo wa chip kutha kuzindikirika mosavuta ndi kukula kwake.Ngakhale silicon akadali chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakuwerengera kwawo, akatswiri ayenera kuganiziranso zigawo zina powerengera mtengo wa IC.

Pakadali pano, akatswiri apeza equation yosavuta kuti adziwe mtengo womaliza wa IC:

Final IC Cost = Package Cost + Test Cost + Die Cost + Shipping Cost

Equation iyi imaganizira zinthu zonse zofunika zomwe zimagwira ntchito yayikulu popanga chip.Kuphatikiza apo, pangakhale zinthu zina zomwe zingaganizidwe.Chofunikira kwambiri kukumbukira pakuyerekeza mtengo wa IC ndikuti mtengo ukhoza kusiyanasiyana panthawi yopanga pazifukwa zingapo.

Komanso, zisankho zilizonse zaukadaulo zomwe zimatengedwa panthawi yopanga zingakhudze kwambiri mtengo wa polojekitiyo.

3. Kudalirika

Kupanga mabwalo ophatikizika ndi ntchito yovuta kwambiri chifukwa imafuna kuti machitidwe onse azigwira ntchito mosalekeza pamamiliyoni amizungulira.Magawo akunja amagetsi amagetsi, kutentha kwambiri, ndi zina zogwirira ntchito zonse zimatenga gawo lofunikira pakugwira ntchito kwa IC.

Komabe, zambiri mwazinthuzi zimathetsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito kuyezetsa kupsinjika kwakukulu koyendetsedwa bwino.Sizimapereka njira zatsopano zolephera, ndikuwonjezera kudalirika kwa mabwalo ophatikizika.Titha kudziwanso kugawa kolephera mu nthawi yochepa kwambiri pogwiritsa ntchito kupsinjika kwakukulu.

Zonsezi zimathandiza kuonetsetsa kuti dera lophatikizidwa limatha kugwira ntchito bwino.

Kuphatikiza apo, nazi zina zomwe zikuwonetsa momwe ma circuit integrated akuyendera:

Kutentha

Kutentha kumatha kusiyana kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kupanga IC kukhala kovuta kwambiri.

Voteji.

Zipangizo zimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamagetsi yomwe imatha kusiyanasiyana pang'ono.

Njira

Kusintha kofunikira kwambiri pazida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pazida ndi ma threshold voltage ndi kutalika kwa chaneli.Kusiyanasiyana kwa ndondomeko kumagawidwa ngati:

• Zambiri pazambiri
• Wafer kwa mkate
• Kufa kufa

Integrated Circuit Phukusi

Phukusili limakutira kufa kwa dera lophatikizika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuti tigwirizane nazo.Kulumikizana kulikonse kwakunja pakufa kumalumikizidwa ndi kachidutswa kakang'ono ka waya wagolide ku pini pa phukusi.Mapini ndi ma terminals otuluka omwe ali ndi mtundu wasiliva.Amadutsa mu dera kuti agwirizane ndi mbali zina za chip.Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa zimazungulira kuzungulira ndikulumikizana ndi mawaya ndi zigawo zina zonse mudera.

Pali mitundu ingapo yamaphukusi omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito pano.Zonse zili ndi mitundu yoyikika yapadera, miyeso yapadera, ndi ma pini.Tiyeni tiwone momwe izi zimagwirira ntchito.

Kuwerengera Pin

Mabwalo onse ophatikizika amapangidwa polarized, ndipo pini iliyonse imakhala yosiyana malinga ndi ntchito ndi malo.Izi zikutanthauza kuti phukusi liyenera kuwonetsa ndikulekanitsa zikhomo zonse kuchokera kwa wina ndi mnzake.Ma IC ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito kadontho kapena notch kuwonetsa pini yoyamba.

Mukazindikira malo a pini yoyamba, manambala ena onse a pini amawonjezeka motsatizana pamene mukuyenda mozungulira mozungulira dera.

Kukwera

Kuyika ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zapadera zamtundu wa phukusi.Maphukusi onse amatha kugawidwa m'magulu awiri okwera: pamwamba-mount (SMD kapena SMT) kapena through-hole (PTH).Ndizosavuta kugwira ntchito ndi phukusi la Through-hole popeza ndi lalikulu.Amapangidwa kuti azikhazikika mbali imodzi ya dera ndikugulitsidwa ku ina.

Maphukusi okwera pamwamba amabwera mosiyanasiyana, kuyambira ang'onoang'ono mpaka ang'onoang'ono.Amakhazikika kumbali imodzi ya bokosilo ndipo amagulitsidwa pamwamba.Zikhomo za phukusili zimakhala zokhazikika ku chip, zofinyidwa kumbali, kapena nthawi zina zimayikidwa mu matrix pamunsi pa chip.Mabwalo ophatikizika mwa mawonekedwe a pamwamba-phiri amafunanso zida zapadera kuti asonkhanitsidwe.

Awiri Pamzere

Phukusi la Dual In-line Package (DIP) ndi imodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino.Uwu ndi mtundu wa phukusi la IC kudzera m'dzenje.Tchipisi tating'ono ting'onoting'ono tili ndi mizere iwiri yofananira ya mapini otambalala kuchokera munyumba yakuda, yapulasitiki, yamakona anayi.

Mapiniwo ali ndi mpata wa pafupifupi 2.54 mm pakati pawo - muyezo woyenera kuti ugwirizane ndi matabwa a mkate ndi ma prototyping board ena ochepa.Kutengera kuchuluka kwa ma pini, makulidwe onse a phukusi la DIP amatha kusiyanasiyana kuchokera pa 4 mpaka 64.

Dera lomwe lili pakati pa mzere uliwonse wa mapini amasiyanitsidwa kuti athandize ma DIP IC kuti agwirizane ndi gawo lapakati la bolodi.Izi zimawonetsetsa kuti mapiniwo ali ndi mizere yawoyawo ndipo safupikitsa.

Ndemanga Yaing'ono

Mapaketi ang'onoang'ono ophatikizika amagawo kapena SOIC ndi ofanana ndi pamwamba.Zimapangidwa popinda zikhomo zonse pa DIP ndikuzichepetsa.Mutha kusonkhanitsa mapaketiwa ndi dzanja lokhazikika komanso ngakhale diso lotseka - Ndizosavuta!

Quad Flat

Maphukusi a Quad Flat amawombera mapini mbali zonse zinayi.Chiwerengero chonse cha mapini mu quad flat IC amatha kusiyana kulikonse kuchokera pa mapini asanu ndi atatu kumbali (32 yonse) mpaka mapini makumi asanu ndi awiri kumbali (300+ yonse).Zikhomozi zimakhala ndi danga lozungulira 0.4mm mpaka 1mm pakati pawo.Mitundu yaying'ono ya phukusi la quad flat imakhala ndi mawonekedwe otsika (LQFP), owonda (TQFP), ndi mapaketi owonda kwambiri (VQFP).

Masewera a Gulu la Mpira

Ball Grid Arrays kapena BGA ndiye phukusi lapamwamba kwambiri la IC kuzungulira.Izi ndizovuta kwambiri, maphukusi ang'onoang'ono pomwe timipira tating'onoting'ono ta solder timayikidwa mu gridi yamitundu iwiri pamunsi pa gawo lophatikizika.Nthawi zina akatswiri amalumikiza mipira ya solder mwachindunji kufa!

Maphukusi a Ball Grid Arrays nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma microprocessors apamwamba, monga Raspberry Pi kapena pcDuino.