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Fiber optics, komanso spelled fiber optics, thesayansizakutumizadeta, mawu, ndi zithunzi mwa kudutsa kwa kuwala kudzera mu ulusi woonda, wowonekera.Mumatelefoni, ukadaulo wa fiber optic walowa m'malomkuwawaya mumtunda wautali fonimizere, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulumikizamakompyutamkatimaukonde amderali.CHIKWANGWANIopticsndiwonso maziko a ma fiberscopes omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza ziwalo zamkati za thupi (endoscopy) kapena kuyang'ana mkati mwa zinthu zopangidwa mwadongosolo.

Sing'anga yayikulu ya fiber optics ndi ulusi wowonda tsitsi womwe nthawi zina umapangidwapulasitikikoma nthawi zambirigalasi.Chingwe chagalasi chowoneka bwino chimakhala ndi mainchesi 125 (μm), kapena 0.125 mm (0.005 inchi).Izi kwenikweni ndi m'mimba mwake wa cladding, kapena wosanjikiza wakunja.Pakatikati, kapena silinda yopatsira mkati, imatha kukhala ndi mainchesi ochepa mpaka 10μm.Kupyolera mu ndondomeko yotchedwakusinkhasinkha kwathunthu kwamkati,kuwalacheza chowala mu fiber cankufalitsamkati mwa mtunda wautali ndi kuchepetsedwa pang'ono modabwitsa, kapena kuchepetsa mphamvu.Mlingo wa kuchepetsedwa kwa mtunda umasiyanasiyana malinga ndi kutalika kwa kuwala ndi kutalika kwakekupangawa fiber.

Pamene ulusi wagalasi wamapangidwe apakati / zotchingira zidayambitsidwa koyambirira kwa zaka za m'ma 1950, kupezeka kwa zonyansa kudapangitsa kuti ntchito yawo ikhale yautali wokwanira kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito ma endoscopy.Mu 1966, akatswiri opanga magetsiCharles Kaondi George Hockham, omwe amagwira ntchito ku England, adanena kuti azigwiritsa ntchito ulusitelecommunication, ndipo mkati mwa zaka makumi aŵirisilikaulusi galasi anali kupangidwa ndi chiyero chokwanira kutiinfuraredikuwala kunkatha kuyenda mtunda wa makilomita 100 kapena kuposerapo popanda kuthandizidwa ndi obwerezabwereza.Mu 2009 Kao adalandira mphotho yaMphotho ya Nobelmu Physics chifukwa cha ntchito yake.Ulusi wa pulasitiki, womwe nthawi zambiri umapangidwa ndi polymethylmethacrylate,polystyrene, kapenapolycarbonate, ndi yotsika mtengo kupanga komanso yosinthika kuposa ulusi wagalasi, koma kuchepetsedwa kwake kwa kuwala kumalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito maulalo amfupi kwambiri mkati mwa nyumba kapenamagalimoto.

Optical telecommunication nthawi zambiri imachitidwa ndiinfuraredikuwala m'mafunde apakati pa 0.8–0.9 μm kapena 1.3–1.6 μm—mafunde omwe amapangidwa bwino ndima diode opepukakapenasemiconductor lasersndipo zomwe sizimatsika pang'ono mu ulusi wagalasi.Kuwunika kwa Fiberscope mu endoscopy kapena mafakitale kumachitika mu mawonekedwe owoneka bwino, mtolo umodzi wa ulusi womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchitoaunikiremalo owunikiridwa ndi kuwala ndi mtolo wina womwe umagwira ntchito ngati wautalimandalapotumiza chithunzicho kudiso la munthukapena kanema kamera.

Olandira ma fiber optic amasintha ma siginecha a kuwala kukhala ma siginecha amagetsi kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito ndi zida monga ma netiweki apakompyuta.Zipangizo zama electro-optical izi zimakhala ndi chowunikira chowunikira, chokulitsa phokoso lochepa, komanso ma siginecha owongolera.Chowunikira chowunikira chikatembenuza chikwangwani cholowera kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi, amplifier amachikulitsa mpaka pamlingo woyenera kukonza ma siginecha owonjezera.Mtundu wa modulation ndi zofunikira zotulutsa magetsi zimatsimikizira zomwe zigawo zina zimafunikira.

Olandira ma fiber optic amagwiritsa ntchito ma positi omwe alibe (PN), ma photodiodes a positive-intrinsic negative (PIN), kapena ma avalanche photodiodes (APD) ngati zowunikira.Chizindikiro cha kuwala komwe chikubwera chimatumizidwa ndi fiber optic transmitter (kapena transceiver) ndikuyenda motsatira single-mode kapena multi-mode kuwala chingwe, malinga ndi mphamvu chipangizo.Demodulator ya data imatembenuza siginecha yowunikira kukhala mawonekedwe ake amagetsi.Mu machitidwe ovuta kwambiri a fiber optic, zigawo za wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito.

Semiconductors ndi Photodiodes

Nawonso database ya Engineering360 SpecSearch imalola ogula mafakitale kusankha zinthu mwa mtundu wa semiconductor ndi mtundu wa photodiode.Mitundu iwiri ya semiconductors imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu olandila fiber optic.

Ma silicon semiconductors amagwiritsidwa ntchito polandila mafunde amfupi okhala ndi 400nm mpaka 1100nm.

Ma semiconductors a Indium gallium arsenide amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolandila zazitali zazitali zomwe zimakhala ndi 900 nm mpaka 1700 nm.

Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, zolandila za fiber optic zimagwiritsa ntchito mitundu itatu yosiyanasiyana ya ma photodiode.

Magulu a PN amapangidwa kumalire a P-mtundu ndi N-mtundu semiconductor, makamaka mu kristalo imodzi kudzera doping.

Ma PIN photodiodes ali ndi chigawo chachikulu, chosalowerera ndale chomwe chili pakati pa zigawo za P-doped ndi N-doped semiconducting.

Ma APD ndi apadera a PIN photodiode omwe amagwira ntchito ndi ma voltages osintha kwambiri.

Amplifiers ndi Zolumikizira

Olandila ma fiber optic amagwiritsa ntchito ma amplifiers otsika kwambiri kapena transimpedance.

Ndi zida zotsika-impedance, bandwidth ndi phokoso lolandila limachepetsa ndi kukana.

Ndi zida za trans-impedance, bandwidth ya wolandila imakhudzidwa ndi kupindula kwa amplifier.

Nthawi zambiri, zolandila za fiber optic zimaphatikizapo adapter yochotseka yolumikizira zida zina.Zosankha zikuphatikiza D4, MTP, MT-RJ, MU, ndi SC

Receiver Magwiridwe

Mukamagwiritsa ntchito Engineering360 kutulutsa zinthu, ogula akuyenera kutchula magawo awa pakuchita kwa fiber optic receiver.

Kuchuluka kwa deta ndi chiwerengero cha ma bits omwe amafalitsidwa pamphindikati, ndipo ndikuwonetsa liwiro.

Nthawi yokwera yolandila imawonetsanso liwiro, koma ikuwonetsa nthawi yofunikira kuti chizindikiritso chisinthe kuchokera pamphamvu 10% mpaka 90%.

Sensitivity imasonyeza chizindikiro chofooka kwambiri chomwe chipangizochi chingalandire.

Dynamic range imagwirizana ndi kukhudzika, koma imawonetsa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu komwe chipangizocho chimagwirira ntchito.

Kuyankha ndi chiŵerengero cha mphamvu yowala mu ma watts (W) kutengera chithunzi cha ma amperes (A).