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Dera lophatikizika

Dera lophatikizika kapena monolithic Integrated circuit (lomwe limatchedwanso IC, chip, kapena microchip) ndi gulu lazozungulira zamagetsipa kachidutswa kakang'ono kakang'ono (kapena "chip") chasemiconductorzakuthupi, kawirikawirisilicon.Nambala zazikuluwa kakang'onoZithunzi za MOSFET(chitsulo-oxide-semiconductorma transistors ogwira ntchito m'munda) kuphatikiza mu kachip kakang'ono.Izi zimabweretsa mabwalo omwe ali ang'onoang'ono, othamanga, komanso otsika mtengo kuposa opangidwa ndi discrete.zida zamagetsi.Zithunzi za ICkupanga zochulukakuthekera, kudalirika, ndi njira yomangira-blockIntegrated dera kapangidwewawonetsetsa kukhazikitsidwa mwachangu kwa ma IC okhazikika m'malo mwa mapangidwe ogwiritsira ntchito mosiyanasiyanama transistors.Ma IC tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi pazida zonse zamagetsi ndipo asintha dziko lazamagetsi.Makompyuta,mafoni am'manjandi zinazida zapakhomotsopano ndi mbali zosagawanika za kamangidwe ka magulu amakono, otheka chifukwa cha kukula kochepa ndi mtengo wotsika wa ma IC monga amakono.mapulogalamu apakompyutandima microcontroller.

Kuphatikizana kwakukulu kwambiriidapangidwa kuti ikhale yothandiza ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo muchitsulo-oxide-silicon(MOS)kupanga zida za semiconductor.Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1960, kukula, liwiro, ndi mphamvu ya tchipisi zapita patsogolo kwambiri, motsogozedwa ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo komwe kumakwanira ma transistors ochulukirapo a MOS pa tchipisi tofanana - chip yamakono ikhoza kukhala ndi mabiliyoni ambiri a ma transistors a MOS malo kukula kwa chikhadabo cha munthu.Zowonjezera izi, pafupifupi zotsatiraziLamulo la Moore, kupangitsa kuti makompyuta amasiku ano akhale ndi mphamvu zochulukitsa mamiliyoni ambiri ndi liwiro la makina apakompyuta akumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1970.

Ma IC ali ndi maubwino awiri akulu kuposamabwalo osiyanasiyana: mtengo ndi ntchito.Mtengo wake ndi wotsika chifukwa tchipisi, ndi zigawo zake zonse, zimasindikizidwa ngati gawo limodzichithunzithunzim'malo mopanga transistor imodzi panthawi imodzi.Kuphatikiza apo, ma IC opakidwa amagwiritsa ntchito zinthu zochepa kwambiri kuposa mabwalo ozungulira.Magwiridwe ake ndi okwera chifukwa zigawo za IC zimasintha mwachangu komanso zimawononga mphamvu zochepa chifukwa chakuchepa kwawo komanso kuyandikira.Choyipa chachikulu cha ma IC ndi kukwera mtengo kowapanga ndikupangira zofunikirazithunzi masks.Kukwera mtengo koyambiriraku kumatanthauza kuti ma IC amatha kugulitsa pokhapokhazopanga zambirizikuyembekezeredwa.

Terminology[sinthani]

AnIntegrated deraamatanthauzidwa ngati:^[1]

Dera lomwe zinthu zonse kapena zina zozungulira zimalumikizidwa mosagawanika ndipo zimalumikizidwa ndi magetsi kotero kuti zimaonedwa kuti sizingagawike pazolinga zomanga ndi zamalonda.

Madera omwe amakumana ndi tanthauzoli amatha kupangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito matekinoloje osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizafilimu yopyapyala ya transistors,matekinoloje opanga mafilimu, kapenahybrid Integrated mabwalo.Komabe, pakugwiritsa ntchitoIntegrated deraabwera kutanthauza kumangidwa kwa gawo limodzi komwe kumadziwika kuti amonolithic Integrated dera, nthawi zambiri amamangidwa pa silicon imodzi.^[2][3]

Mbiri

Kuyesera koyambirira kophatikiza zigawo zingapo mu chipangizo chimodzi (monga ma IC amakono) kunaliGawo 3NFvacuum chubu kuyambira 1920s.Mosiyana ndi ma IC, idapangidwa ndi cholinga chakupewa msonkho, monganso ku Germany, zolandirira wailesi zinali ndi msonkho umene unkaperekedwa malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa machubu okhala ndi mawailesi.Zinalola olandila mawayilesi kukhala ndi chubu limodzi.

Malingaliro oyambirira a dera lophatikizidwa amabwerera ku 1949, pamene injiniya waku GermanyWerner Jacobi^[4](Malingaliro a kampani Siemens AG)^[5]adalemba chiphaso cha chipangizo cholumikizira cholumikizira chozungulira ngati semiconductor^[6]kusonyeza zisanuma transistorspa gawo lapansi wamba mu magawo atatuamplifierdongosolo.Jacobi adawulula zazing'ono komanso zotsika mtengozothandizira kumvamonga momwe mafakitale amagwiritsira ntchito patent yake.Kugwiritsa ntchito mwachangu patent yake sikunanenedwe.

Wina wochirikiza koyambirira kwa lingaliroli analiGeoffrey Dummer(1909-2002), wasayansi wa radar yemwe amagwira ntchito kuKukhazikitsidwa kwa Royal Radara BritishUnduna wa Zachitetezo.Dummer adapereka lingaliro kwa anthu pa Symposium on Progress in Quality Electronic Components inWashington, DCpa 7 May 1952.^[7]Iye anapereka zokambitsirana zambiri poyera kufalitsa malingaliro ake ndipo anayesera mosalephera kumanga dera loterolo mu 1956. Pakati pa 1953 ndi 1957,Sidney Darlingtonndi Yasuo Tarui (Electrotechnical Laboratory) adapanga mapangidwe ofanana a chip pomwe ma transistors angapo amatha kugawana malo omwe amagwira ntchito, koma panalibekudzipatula kwamagetsikuwalekanitsa wina ndi mzake.^[4]

The monolithic Integrated circuit chip inathandizidwa ndi zopanga zandondomeko yokonzekeramwaJean Hoernindip–n mphambano kudzipatulamwaKurt Lehovec.Zopangidwa ndi Hoerni zidamangidwaMohamed M. AtallaNtchito yapadziko lapansi, komanso ntchito ya Fuller ndi Ditzenberger pakufalitsa zonyansa za boron ndi phosphorous mu silicon,Carl Froschndi ntchito ya Lincoln Derick pachitetezo chapamwamba, ndiChih-Tang Sahntchito pa diffusion masking ndi oxide.^[8]