Chip Kingdom, Israel

Nkhondo ya Israeli-Palestine ikuipiraipira.Pofika pa Okutobala 14, 2023, Unduna wa Zaumoyo ku Palestine unanena kuti mikangano yomwe ilipo pakalipano ya Israeli-Palestine yapha anthu 1,949 aku Palestine ndikuvulaza oposa 8,600.Magwero aku Israeli akuti anthu ophedwa ndi opitilira 1,300 ndipo chiwerengero cha ovulala osachepera 3,484.

Zotsatira za mkangano zafalikira ku chip supply chain, ndipo zikunenedwa kuti ntchito zopanga ndi zogwirira ntchito muzitsulo zamagetsi za Israeli zakhudzidwanso.

Israeli, "dziko laling'ono" lomwe lili m'chipululu cha Middle East, kwenikweni ndi "ufumu wa chip".M'derali, pali makampani pafupifupi 200 a chips, ndipo makampani akuluakulu padziko lonse lapansi akuchita kafukufuku ndi chitukuko ku Israel, ndipo pali nsalu zingapo ku Israel.

Kodi nchiyani chimene chimapangitsa Israyeli kukhala “ufumu wachifumu”?

01. Israeli si "dalitso" la semiconductors

Israel, magawo awiri mwa atatu omwe ndi chipululu, ali ndi anthu osakwana 10 miliyoni.

Dziko laling'ono loterolo lokhala ndi vuto losauka lili ndi pafupifupi makampani a chip 200, akusonkhanitsa malo ofufuza ndi chitukuko cha zimphona monga Apple, Samsung, Qualcomm, ndikudalira mafakitale apamwamba kuti akhale dziko lokhalo lotukuka ku Middle East.

Kodi Israel idachita bwanji, ndipo zidachitika ndi chiyani kumakampani ake opangira zida zamagetsi?

Zaka zoposa 3,000 zapitazo, mneneri Mose anatsogolera Ayuda kutuluka mu Igupto kupita ku Kanani, pakati pa mtsinje wa Nailo ndi Firate, limene iwo ankakhulupirira kuti linali “Dziko Lolonjezedwa” la Mulungu la mkaka ndi uchi.

Atagonjetsedwa ndi Ufumu wa Roma, Ayuda anayamba kuyendayenda kwa zaka zoposa 2,000.Sizinali kufikira 1948 pamene dziko la Israyeli linakhazikitsidwa, dziko lochuluka la Ayuda linakhazikitsidwa potsirizira pake, ndipo Ayuda anabwerera ku “Dziko Lolonjezedwa” lawo.

Koma Israyeli analibe mkaka ndi uchi.

Ndilo dziko lokhalo ku Middle East lopanda mafuta ndi gasi, lomwe lili ndi ma kilomita 25,700 okha, malo osauka, kusowa kwa madzi, kusakhazikika kwadziko, komanso kusamvana pakati pa maiko ozungulira achiarabu sikunathe. kuti mikhalidwe yobadwa nayo ya Israyeli ilibe ubwino.

Komabe, Israel ndi dziko lokhalo lotukuka ku Middle East, lomwe lili ndi GDP ya $54,710 pamunthu mu 2022, ili pa nambala 14 padziko lonse lapansi.

Kusanthula mosamalitsa kapangidwe ka mafakitale aku Israeli, mu 2022, makampani apamwamba adatenga 70% ya GDP yonse, yomwe makampani opanga ntchito zapamwamba kwambiri ndi apamwamba kwambiri kuposa makampani azachipatala.Ndi malonda apamwamba kwambiri omwe amawerengera 54% ya katundu yense wa Israeli mu 2021, tinganene kuti makampani apamwamba kwambiri ndi msana wa chuma cha Israeli.Makampani opanga ma semiconductor, omwe amawerengera 16 peresenti ya zotumiza kunja kwaukadaulo wapamwamba, ndi malo owala.

Mbiri ya semiconductor ya Israeli sinayambike, koma idakula mwachangu, ndipo yakhala gawo lotsogola padziko lonse lapansi la semiconductor munthawi yochepa.

Mu 1964, wopanga zida zolumikizirana ndi ku America adakhazikitsa malo oyamba ofufuza ndi chitukuko cha semiconductor ku Israel, zomwe zikuwonetsa chiyambi chamakampani opanga ma semiconductor ku Israel.

Mu 1974, kampani yachiwiri yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya semiconductor, yomwe ili ku Santa Clara, California, idakopeka ndi antchito ake aku Israeli kuti atsegule malo ake oyamba a R&D kunja kwa United States ku Haifa, Israel.Kuyambira nthawi imeneyo, makampani opanga ma semiconductor aku Israeli ayamba.

Zaka makumi angapo pambuyo pake, ma semiconductors amasiku ano aku Israeli akhala mphamvu yowerengera.Pa anthu osakwana 10 miliyoni, pali akatswiri opangira ma chip opitilira 30,000 ndi makampani pafupifupi 200 omwe amayendetsa ntchito mwachindunji kapena mwanjira ina.

02 Israeli ndi ufumu woyambira wa ma semiconductors, koma palibe makampani akuluakulu aku Israeli.

Israeli ndi malo ang'onoang'ono, chipululu, chuma chosauka, si dziko lothandizira, silingathe kupanga zipangizo za semiconductor.Kutengera ndi momwe malo alili, makampani opanga ma semiconductor a Israeli ali ndi mawonekedwe apadera: choyamba, kapangidwe ka chip;Chachiwiri, ambiri aiwo ndi mabizinesi ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati, opanda zimphona zakomweko;Chachitatu ndikupeza njira pakati pa China ndi United States ndikuyang'ana bizinesi.

Chifukwa cha mapangidwe a chip ndi osavuta kumva, sangathe kupanga njerwa popanda udzu!Dziko la Israeli liribe zothandizira, ndipo likhoza kudalira malingaliro owala a Israeli kuti atenge njira yopangira mapangidwe apamwamba.

Kupanga kwa chip ndiye moyo wamakampani opanga ma semiconductor aku Israeli.Malinga ndi ziwerengero, Israeli ili ndi pafupifupi 8% yamakampani opanga ma chip padziko lonse lapansi komanso makampani ofufuza ndi chitukuko.Kuphatikiza apo, mu 2021, makampani 37 ochokera kumayiko osiyanasiyana ku Israel akugwira ntchito m'makampani opanga ma semiconductor.

Zomera zopangira za Israeli ndizochepa, koma palibe.Israel pakadali pano ili ndi zida zisanu zophika.Mu zida za semiconductor, pali makampani amitundu yambiri komanso makampani am'deralo.

Chifukwa chake, mawonekedwe apano amakampani opanga ma chip aku Israeli amapangidwa makamaka ndi makampani opanga zida za fabless, malo opangira kafukufuku ndi chitukuko chamakampani amitundu yosiyanasiyana, makampani opanga zida za semiconductor ndi mafakitale ochepa ophikira.

Komabe, zimphona zambiri zili mu Israeli, chifukwa chiyani Israeli sanabadwe chimphona chotere?

Zambiri mwa izi zikugwirizana ndi momwe mabizinesi aku Israeli amagwirira ntchito.

Israeli ndi dziko lazamalonda kwambiri.Ndi makampani opitilira 7,000 aukadaulo, Israeli ili ndi oyambitsa kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ofanana ndi wabizinesi m'modzi mwa anthu 1,400 aliwonse, ndipo chiŵerengero choyambira pa munthu aliyense sichinafanane.

M'makampani a semiconductor, mu 2020, Israel idakhala yachiwiri padziko lonse lapansi potengera kuchuluka kwa oyambitsa semiconductor, pambuyo pa United States.

Chifukwa amakonda zatsopano komanso "zatsopano" kwambiri, otsogola a semiconductor ku Israeli akhazikitsa makampani awo a semiconductor, akuyang'ana zimphona zambiri zam'deralo, kuti asakhale kapena kupitilira, koma kuti apeze!

Chifukwa chake, njira yamakampani ambiri a semiconductor aku Israeli ndi iyi: khazikitsani zoyambira - zopambana m'munda - zopezedwa ndi chimphona - yambani gawo lotsatira lazamalonda.

Pazifukwa izi, mazana ambiri amakampani opanga ma semiconductor aku Israeli amayang'ana kwambiri ukadaulo wopukutira m'malo mwa bizinesi ndi magwiridwe antchito.

Komanso, yang'anani mosamala msika wa semiconductor ku Israel.Memoryndiye gawo lalikulu kwambiri pamsika wa Israeli semiconductor, wotsatiridwa ndikasamalidwe ka mphamvu ics, logic chips, Pa Screen Display, ndima analogi chips.

Msika waukulu kwambiri wama semiconductors ku Israel ndikukonza ma data, kutsatiridwa ndi mauthenga, mafakitale, zamagetsi ogula ndikuyendetsa paokha.

Pambuyo popeza njira yake, Israeli semiconductor yakula pang'onopang'ono chaka chilichonse, ndipo akuyembekezeka kuti ndalama za msika wa Israeli semiconductor zitha kufika $ 1.14 biliyoni mu 2023. Ndikoyenera kunena kuti China ndi msika waukulu kwambiri wa ogula kwa Israeli semiconductors.

Mu 2018, masewera a Sino-US atayamba, katundu wa semiconductor wa Israeli ku China adakwera kwambiri ndi 80%, ndipo ma semiconductors mwadzidzidzi adakhala gawo lofunikira la ubale wachuma pakati pa China ndi Israeli, ndipo deta yaposachedwa ikuwonetsa kuti China ikadali yayikulu kwambiri. wogulitsa kunja kwa tchipisi ta Israeli mu 2021.

03. Israeli ali ndi luso lokwanira ndi ndalama zothandizira Israel Semiconductor

“Makhalidwe achibadwa” a Israyeli ngwosauka kwambiri, nchifukwa ninji Israyeli angakhale ufumu wamba?

Yankho lalifupi ndilo: olemera ndi ogwirizana bwino.

Ziribe kanthu mtundu wa ntchito.Capital nthawi zonse imakhala yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa mabizinesi, makamaka mumakampani opanga ma semiconductor.

Semiconductor ndi mafakitale omwe amafunika kupitiriza kuwotcha ndalama, ndipo kuponya ndalama zambiri sikumakhala ndi zotsatira, ndi malonda obwereranso komanso owopsa kwambiri.Makampani opanga semiconductor oyambitsa amafuna kupulumuka, sikophweka, kulakwitsa kungawonongeke, kulekerera zolakwika kumakhala kochepa kwambiri.

Panthawi imeneyi, ntchito ya venture capital ndiyofunika kwambiri.Venture capital imatanthawuza kuyika ndalama kwa osunga ndalama omwe ali ndi mphamvu zachuma kuti athandizire amalonda omwe ali ndiukadaulo wapadera komanso chiyembekezo chabwino chamsika, koma kusowa kwa ndalama zoyambira, ndikukhala pachiwopsezo cha kulephera kwa ndalama poyambira.

Chiyambi cha sayansi ndi ukadaulo wapadziko lonse lapansi - Silicon Valley, chinsinsi cha chipambano chake ndi chilengedwe chokhwima, chomwe chimakweza kwambiri kulekerera kwamakampani oyambitsa, ndikupereka pogona makampani oyambira.

Ndipo Tel Aviv, likulu la Israeli, ngati malo osonkhanitsira ndalama zamabizinesi, ali ndi ntchito yayikulu pamayendedwe aukadaulo (kuyenda kwa projekiti yazachilengedwe), yachiwiri ku Silicon Valley.Malinga ndi lipotilo, 11 peresenti ya ndalama zapadziko lonse za VC mu Viwanda 4.0 zidapita kumakampani aku Israeli.Mu 2021, kuchuluka kwa ndalama zamabizinesi ku Israeli kudafika $ 10.8 biliyoni, 28 kuchulukitsa kwa United States, komanso kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zidakhazikitsidwa ku Israel mu 2022, ngakhale zidatsika, zidafika $ 8.1 biliyoni.

Kuphatikiza pa kuchuluka kwa likulu, boma la Israeli laperekanso malamulo achitetezo komanso ndalama zoyambira.

Kalelo mu 1984, Israeli idapereka Lamulo Lolimbikitsa Kafukufuku wa Zamakampani ndi Chitukuko, kapena "R&D Law."

Pansi pa lamuloli, mapulojekiti ovomerezedwa ndi OCS a R&D omwe amakwaniritsa zofunikira zina ndipo amavomerezedwa ndi Office of the Chief Scientist ndi oyenera kulandira ndalama zofikira 50 peresenti ya ndalama zomwe zavomerezedwa.Posinthanitsa, wolandirayo amayenera kulipira ndalama za OCS.Wolandirayo ayenera kupereka malipoti apanthawi ndi nthawi amalipiro omwe amaperekedwa kwa OCS, omwe ali ndi ufulu wowunika mabuku a wolandila.

Pankhani yamisonkho, Israeli imaperekanso mfundo zotsatsira mabizinesi apamwamba kwambiri.Mu 1985, msonkho wa kampani ya Israel unali 61 peresenti;pofika 2022, idatsika mpaka 23 peresenti.Israeli ilinso ndi Lamulo lapadera la Angles lomwe limapereka chilimbikitso cha msonkho kwa osunga ndalama m'makampani achichepere, makamaka omwe ali ndi luso lofufuza ndi chitukuko.

Israel ili ndi malamulo olimbikitsa R&D ndi zatsopano, komanso kuyang'anira komwe ndalama zimagwiritsidwira ntchito komanso zotsatira za ntchito.Perekani ndalama mowolowa manja, ndalama zitha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito pamphepete mwa mpeni, chitani kawiri zotsatira.

Ndalama zothandizira boma "zowolowa manja" komanso bizinesi yayikulu yochita bizinesi imapangitsa makampani aku Israeli kuti akhale "ogwira ntchito pazachuma."

Kuwonjezera pa ndalama, wina ayenera kuchita.

Oposa 70 peresenti ya anthu a ku Israel ndi Ayuda.Zikafika kwa Ayuda, "chithunzi" cha luntha lawo lapamwamba chimabuka nthawi yomweyo.

N’zovuta kunena ngati Ayuda alidi otsogola kwambiri mwa majini, koma n’zoona kuti ali ndi anthu ophunzira kwambiri.

Malinga ndi deta, Israeli ofufuza sayansi nkhani 6% ya anthu dzikoli, 135 asayansi ndi akatswiri pa 10,000 anthu, kuposa United States 85 anthu, chiwerengero cha dziko loyamba.77% ya Israeli ali ndi zaka zoposa 12 za maphunziro, 20% ya anthu ali ndi digiri ya yunivesite, ndipo pali ophunzira pafupifupi 200,000 aku koleji m'dzikoli.

Kuwonjezera pa kuyamikira matalente ambiri akumeneko omwe maphunziro amatulutsa, Israeli amalandiranso chiwerengero chachikulu cha anthu ophunzira kwambiri ochokera kumayiko ena.

Ayuda ali ndi "maloto obwezeretsa" apadera, kotero pambuyo pa kukhazikitsidwa kwa Israeli kulengeza "Law of Return", ndiko kuti, Myuda aliyense padziko lapansi atasamukira ku Israeli, akhoza kupeza nzika za Israeli.

Ayuda ochokera kumayiko otukuka komanso omwe kale anali Soviet Union adabweretsa sayansi ndiukadaulo wambiri ku Israeli, zomwe zidathandizira kwambiri kutsogola kwa Israeli.Othawa kwawowa nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi maphunziro apamwamba, pali akatswiri ambiri odziwika bwino, matalente awa adachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pakukula kwamakampani apamwamba kwambiri a Israeli.

04. Mwachidule

Dera lakale la Kanani, “Dziko Lolonjezedwa” lopeka, ndi Israyeli weniweni, linalibe “kanthu” chabe.

Ku Middle East, komwe kuli m'chipululu chonse, Israeli, ndi zatsopano, ndalama ndi njira zina, adapanga zovuta zake zachilengedwe ndi zofooka zobadwa nazo, ndipo wakhala gawo lalikulu la makampani a semiconductor padziko lonse panthawi yochepa.N’zoonekelatu kuti “nthano” ya semiconductor ya Israyeli silonjezo la Mulungu, koma masauzande a Mose ndi mbadwa zake.