2023, galimoto yopenga MCU

01 Mbiri yakukula kwa MCU

MCU, microcontroller, ili ndi dzina lodziwika bwino: single-chip microcomputer.

Ndi malo okoma kwambiri ndikusuntha makina oyambira pakompyuta kupita ku chip, kuphatikiza mtundu wamkati wa CPU RAM ROM IO counter serial port, ngakhale kuti magwiridwe ake siakulu ngati makompyuta, koma ndi otsika mphamvu yokhazikika komanso kusinthasintha, kotero mu ogula zamagetsi, mankhwala makampani kulankhulana Magalimoto ndi osiyanasiyana kwambiri ntchito.

Adabadwa mu 1971, Intel adapanga makina oyambira padziko lonse lapansi - chip 4004 4-bit, chip ichi chimaphatikiza ma transistors opitilira 2,000, ndipo Intel adapanganso tchipisi 4001, 4002, 4003, RAM, ROM ndi zolembetsa.

Zinthu zinayizi zitayamba kugulitsidwa, Intel adalemba potsatsa kuti "Lengezani nyengo yatsopano ya mabwalo ophatikizika: ma microcomputer olumikizidwa pa chip chimodzi."Panthawiyo, makompyuta ang'onoang'ono ndi mainframes anali makamaka 8-bit ndi 16-bit processors, kotero Intel posakhalitsa anayambitsa 8-bit microprocessor 8008 mu 1972 kuti apambane msika mwamsanga, kutsegula nthawi ya single-chip microcomputers.

Mu 1976, Intel inayambitsa makina oyendetsa makompyuta a 8748 oyamba padziko lonse lapansi, omwe amaphatikiza 8-bit CPU, 8-bit parallel I/O, 8-bit counter, RAM, ROM, ndi zina zotero, zomwe zimatha kukwaniritsa zosowa zamakampani ambiri komanso chida, choyimiridwa ndi 8748, kutsegula kufufuza kwa ma microcomputer a single-chip m'munda wa mafakitale.

M'zaka za m'ma 1980, ma microcomputer a 8-bit single-chip anayamba kukhala okhwima kwambiri, RAM ndi ROM mphamvu zinawonjezeka, nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi ma serial interfaces, ma multilevel interrupt processing systems, multiple 16-bit counters, ndi zina zotero. Mu 1983, Intel inayambitsa MCS. -96 mndandanda wa 16-bit mkulu-performance microcontrollers, ndi 120,000 Integrated transistors.

Kuyambira 1990s, single-chip microcomputer yalowa mu gawo la masukulu zana amalingaliro, mukuchita, liwiro, kudalirika, kuphatikiza pachimake chathunthu, malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mabasi kapena zolembera za data, kuyambira pa 4 bits. kupangidwa pang'onopang'ono, ndi 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit ndi 64-bit single-chip microcomputer.

Pakali pano, malangizo a MCUs amagawidwa makamaka ku CISC ndi RISC, ndipo mapangidwe apamwamba ndi ARM Cortex, Intel 8051 ndi RISC-V.

Malinga ndi 2020 China General Microcontroller (MCU) Market Brief, zinthu za 32-bit MCU zimafikira 55% yamsika, ndikutsatiridwa ndi zinthu 8-bit, zomwe zimawerengera 43%, 4-bit zowerengera 2%, 16. -Bit product accounting for 1%, zitha kuwoneka kuti zinthu zazikulu pamsika ndi 32-bit ndi 8-bit MCUs, ndipo malo amsika a 16-bit MCU adatsitsidwa kwambiri.

CISC malangizo seti mankhwala adawerengera 24% ya msika, RISC malangizo seti mankhwala ankawerengera 76% ya msika waukulu mankhwala;Zinthu zazikuluzikulu za Intel 8051 zimawerengera 22% zamsika, zotsatiridwa ndi zinthu za ARM Cortex-M0, zowerengera 20%, zinthu za ARM Cortex-M3 zimawerengera 14%, zinthu za ARM Cortex-M4 zimawerengera 12%, zopangidwa za ARM Cortex-M0+ adawerengera 5%, zinthu za ARM Cortex-M23 zidatenga 1%, RISC-V zida zapakati zimawerengera 1%, ndipo zina zidawerengera 24%.Zogulitsa za ARM Cortex-M0+ zimawerengera 5%, zida za ARM Cortex-M23 zimawerengera 1%, zoyambira za RISC-V zimawerengera 1%, ndipo zina zidatenga 24%.Pazonse, ma cores a ARM Cortex amakhala 52% pamsika waukulu.

Msika wa MCU wakhala ukukumana ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwamitengo pazaka 20 zapitazi, koma mtengo wake wapakati (ASP) watsika pang'onopang'ono pazaka zisanu zapitazi.Pambuyo pokumana ndi kutsika kwamakampani opanga magalimoto, kufooka kwachuma padziko lonse lapansi, komanso vuto la mliri, msika wa MCU udayamba kuchira mu 2020. Malinga ndi IC Insights, zotumiza za MCU zidakwera ndi 8% mu 2020, ndipo kuchuluka kwa MCU mu 2021 kudakwera mpaka 12%, mbiri yapamwamba ya 30.9 biliyoni, pamene ASPs adakweranso 10%, kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa zaka 25.

IC Insights ikuyembekeza kuti kutumiza kwa MCU kudzafika mayunitsi 35.8 biliyoni pazaka zisanu zikubwerazi, ndikugulitsa kwathunthu $27.2 biliyoni.Mwa izi, malonda a 32-bit MCU akuyembekezeka kufika $20 biliyoni ndi chiwonjezeko chapachaka cha 9.4%, ma 16-bit MCU akuyembekezeka kufika $4.7 biliyoni, ndipo ma 4-bit MCU sakuyembekezeka kuwonetsa kukula.

02 Galimoto ya MCU yopenga kwambiri

Zamagetsi zamagalimoto ndiye njira yayikulu kwambiri yogwiritsira ntchito ma MCU.IC Insights ikuyembekeza kuti malonda a MCU padziko lonse lapansi adzakula 10% mpaka $21.5 biliyoni mu 2022, pomwe ma MCU amagalimoto akukula kuposa misika ina yambiri.

Zogulitsa zopitilira 40% za MCU zimachokera ku zamagetsi zamagalimoto, ndipo malonda amagalimoto a MCU akuyembekezeka kukula pa CAGR ya 7.7% pazaka zisanu zikubwerazi, kupitilira ma MCU acholinga chambiri (7.3%).

Pakadali pano, ma MCU amagalimoto amakhala makamaka 8-bit, 16-bit ndi 32-bit, ndipo ma MCU osiyanasiyana amagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana.

Makamaka:

8-bit MCU imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazinthu zowongolera, monga kuwongolera mipando, zowongolera mpweya, mafani, mazenera, ndi ma module owongolera zitseko.

MCU ya 16-bit imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pathupi lapansi, monga injini, brake yamagetsi, kuyimitsidwa ndi machitidwe ena amagetsi ndi kufala.

32-bit MCU imagwirizana ndi nzeru zamagalimoto ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka pazinthu zanzeru komanso zotetezeka monga zosangalatsa za cockpit, ADAS, ndi kuwongolera thupi.

Pakadali pano, ma 8-bit MCU akukula m'ntchito komanso kukumbukira, ndipo ndi mphamvu zawo zomwe, amatha kusintha ma 16-bit MCU muzogwiritsa ntchito komanso amagwirizananso ndi ma 4-bit MCU.32-bit MCU itenga gawo lofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera magalimoto onse a E/E, omwe amatha kuyang'anira magawo anayi amwazikana otsika komanso apakati a ECU, ndipo kuchuluka kwa ogwiritsa ntchito kupitilira kukula.

Zomwe zili pamwambazi zimapangitsa kuti 16-bit MCU ikhale yovuta, osati yapamwamba koma yotsika, koma muzochitika zina zogwiritsira ntchito, imakhala yothandiza, monga ntchito zina zazikulu za machitidwe a powertrain.

Luntha zamagalimoto lakulitsa kwambiri kufunikira kwa ma 32-bit MCUs, ndi magawo atatu mwa magawo atatu aliwonse a magalimoto a MCU omwe amachokera ku 32-bit MCUs mu 2021, akuyembekezeka kufika pafupifupi $ 5.83 biliyoni;Ma MCU a 16-bit apanga ndalama zokwana $1.34 biliyoni;ndipo ma 8-bit MCU apanga ndalama zokwana $441 miliyoni, malinga ndi lipoti la McClean.

Pa mlingo wa ntchito, infotainment ndi momwe ntchito ikukulirakulira kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa malonda a magalimoto a MCU, ndi kukula kwa 59% mu 2021 poyerekeza ndi 2020, ndi 20% kukula kwa ndalama pazochitika zotsalira.

Tsopano zonse zamagetsi kulamulira galimoto ntchito ECU (electronic control unit), ndi MCU ndiye core control Chip ECU, ECU iliyonse ili ndi MCU imodzi, kotero siteji yamakono ya kusintha ndi kukweza kwa magetsi anzeru kunachititsa kuti pakhale kufunika kwa magetsi. Kugwiritsa ntchito galimoto imodzi ya MCU kuchuluke.

Malinga ndi deta yochokera ku Dipatimenti Yofufuza ya Automotive Marketing Expert Committee ya China Marketing Institute, pafupifupi ma ECU onyamula magalimoto amtundu wamba ndi 70;kuchuluka kwa ma ECU onyamula magalimoto apamwamba amafuta kumatha kufika 150 chifukwa cha zofunikira zapamwamba pamipando, kuwongolera pakati ndi zosangalatsa, kukhazikika kwa thupi ndi chitetezo;ndipo pafupifupi chiwerengero cha ECUs kunyamulidwa ndi magalimoto anzeru akhoza kufika 300 chifukwa cha mapulogalamu atsopano ndi hardware zofunika pa galimoto yodzilamulira ndi anathandiza galimoto, zomwe zikugwirizana ndi kuchuluka kwa MCU ntchito ndi magalimoto limodzi adzafikanso kuposa 300.

Kufunika kwakukulu kwa ma MCU kuchokera kwa opanga magalimoto kumawonekera makamaka mu 2021, pomwe pali kuchepa kwa ma cores chifukwa cha mliri.Chaka chimenecho, makampani ambiri amagalimoto adatseka mwachidule mizere yopangira chifukwa chosowa ma cores, koma kugulitsa kwa magalimoto a MCU kudakwera 23% mpaka $ 7.6 biliyoni, mbiri yakale.

Ambiri mwa tchipisi magalimoto amapangidwa ntchito 8-inchi zopyapyala, opanga ena monga TI kuti 12-inchi mzere kutengerapo, IDM adzakhalanso mbali ya mphamvu outsourcing foundry, umene ukulamulidwa ndi MCU, pafupifupi 70% ya mphamvu ndi TSMC. .Komabe, bizinesi yamagalimoto palokha imakhala ndi gawo laling'ono la TSMC, ndipo TSMC imayang'ana kwambiri gawo laukadaulo waukadaulo wamagetsi ogula, kotero msika wamagalimoto wa MCU ndiwosowa kwambiri.

Kuperewera kwa tchipisi zamagalimoto motsogozedwa ndi makampani onse a semiconductor kudadzetsanso kukulirakulira, zoyambira zazikulu ndi zomera za IDM kuti ziwonjezere kupanga, koma cholinga chake ndi chosiyana.

Chomera cha TSMC Kumamoto chikuyembekezeka kukhazikitsidwa kumapeto kwa 2024, kuwonjezera pa njira ya 22/28nm, iperekanso njira za 12 ndi 16nm, ndipo chomera cha Nanjing chidzakulitsa kupanga mpaka 28nm, ndi mphamvu yopangira mwezi uliwonse. 40,000 zidutswa;

SMIC ikukonzekera kukulitsa kupanga ndi zowotcha zosachepera 45,000 8-inchi ndi zowotcha zosachepera 10,000 12-inchi mu 2021, ndikumanga mzere wopangira ma inchi 12 wokhala ndi mphamvu pamwezi wa zowotcha 120,000 ku Lingang, kuyang'ana pa 28nm ndi pamwamba pa mfundo.

Huahong akuyembekeza kufulumizitsa kukulitsa mphamvu yopanga ma inchi 12 mpaka zidutswa 94,500 mu 2022;

Renesas adalengeza gawo lake mu TSMC's Kumamoto fakitale ndi cholinga chokulitsa ntchito zakunja, ndipo ikufuna kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa magalimoto a MCU ndi 50% pofika 2023, ndi kuthekera kwapamwamba kwa MCU komwe kukuyembekezeka kukwera ndi 50% ndi mphamvu yotsika ya MCU pafupifupi 70%. poyerekeza ndi kumapeto kwa 2021.

STMicroelectronics idzagulitsa $ 1.4 biliyoni mu 2022 kuti ikule, ndipo ikukonzekera kuwirikiza kawiri mphamvu za zomera zake ku Ulaya pofika 2025, makamaka kuti iwonjezere mphamvu ya 12-inch, ndi mphamvu ya 8-inch, STMicroelectronics idzasintha mwa kusankha kwa zinthu zomwe sizikusowa 12- inchi luso.

Texas Instruments idzawonjezera zomera zinayi zatsopano, chomera choyamba chikuyembekezeka kukhazikitsidwa mu 2025, ndipo zomera zachitatu ndi zachinayi zidzamangidwa pakati pa 2026 ndi 2030;

ON Semiconductor idakulitsa ndalama zake zazikulu mpaka 12%, makamaka pakukulitsa mphamvu ya 12-inch wafer.

Kuzindikira kwa IC kuli ndi chidziwitso chosangalatsa kuti ASP ya ma MCU onse a 32-bit ikutsika pa CAGR ya -4.4% pachaka pakati pa 2015 ndi 2020, koma ikukwera pafupifupi 13% kufika pafupifupi $0.72 mu 2021. , kusinthasintha kwamitengo ya magalimoto a MCU kumawonekera kwambiri: NXP 32-bit MCU FS32K144HAT0MLH yokhala ndi mtengo wokhazikika wa $ 22 idakwera mpaka $550, mitundu yopitilira 20, yomwe inali imodzi mwazinthu zosowa kwambiri zamagalimoto panthawiyo.

Infineon 32-bit automotive MCU SAK-TC277TP-64F200N DC yakwera kufika pa 4,500 yuan, kuwonjezeka pafupifupi nthawi 100, mndandanda womwewo wa SAK-TC275T-64F200N DC unakweranso kupitirira 2,000 yuan.

Kumbali ina, zida zamagetsi zomwe zidayamba kutsika zidayamba kuzirala, kufunikira kofooka, komanso kukwera kwa m'malo m'nyumba, kupanga zolinga zapagulu, mitengo ya ogula ya MCU kubwerera pansi, mitundu ina ya ST chip monga F0/F1/F3. mitengo yotsatizana idafika pafupi ndi mtengo wabwinobwino, ndipo ngakhale mphekesera zamsika kuti mtengo wa ma MCU ena watsika pamtengo wabungwe.

Komabe, ma MCU zamagalimoto monga Renesas, NXP, Infineon, ndi ST akadali mukusowa kwenikweni.Mwachitsanzo, mtengo wa ST's high-performance 32-bit MCU STM32H743VIT6 unakwera yuan 600 kumapeto kwa chaka chatha, pamene mtengo wake unali 48 yuan zaka ziwiri zapitazo.Kuwonjezeka ndi nthawi zoposa 10;Infineon Automotive MCU SAK-TC237LP-32F200N AC mtengo wamsika mu Okutobala chaka chatha pafupifupi $1200, Disembala amapereka mpaka $3800, ndipo ngakhale patsamba lachitatu amapereka ndalama zoposa $5000.

03 Msika ndi waukulu, ndipo zopanga zapakhomo ndizochepa

Maonekedwe ampikisano a MCU amatsogozedwa ndi zimphona zakunja monga malo onse ampikisano a semiconductor.Mu 2021, ogulitsa asanu apamwamba a MCU anali NXP, Microchip, Renesas, ST, ndi Infineon.Ogulitsa asanu a MCU awa adapanga 82.1% ya malonda onse padziko lonse lapansi, poyerekeza ndi 72.2% mu 2016, ndi kukula kwa makampani omwe akukula m'zaka zapitazi.

Poyerekeza ndi ogula ndi mafakitale MCU, magalimoto MCU certification polowera ndi mkulu ndipo nthawi certification ndi yaitali, dongosolo certification zikuphatikizapo ISO26262 muyezo certification, AEC-Q001~004 ndi IATF16949 muyezo certification, AEC-Q100/Q104 muyezo ISO26262 Kutetezedwa kwa magalimoto kumagawidwa m'magulu anayi a ASIL-A mpaka D. Mwachitsanzo, chassis ndi zochitika zina zimakhala ndi zofunikira kwambiri zachitetezo ndipo zimafuna chiphaso cha ASIL-D, opanga chip ochepa amatha kukwaniritsa zomwezo.

Malinga ndi deta ya Strategy Analysis, msika wamagalimoto wapadziko lonse komanso wapakhomo wa MCU umakhala ndi NXP, Renesas, Infineon, Texas Instruments, Microchip, yomwe ili ndi gawo la 85%.Ngakhale ma MCU a 32-bit akadali olamulidwa ndi zimphona zakunja, makampani ena apakhomo anyamuka.

04 Mapeto

Kukula kwachangu kwa magalimoto anzeru amagetsi, kotero kuti ogula chip ambiri alowa nawo, monga Nvidia, Qualcomm, Intel akhala mu cockpit wanzeru, kuyendetsa bwino kwa chipangizochi, kukakamiza kupulumuka kwa opanga zida zakale zamagalimoto.Kukula kwa ma MCU amagalimoto kwachoka pakungoyang'ana pakudzitukumula komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito mpaka mpikisano wanthawi zonse pakuchepetsa mtengo ndikusunga zabwino zaukadaulo.

Ndi zomangamanga za E / E zamagalimoto zomwe zimagawika mpaka kuwongolera, ndipo pamapeto pake kuphatikizika kwapakati, padzakhala chip chochulukira chogwira ntchito komanso chosavuta chotsika chomwe chidzalowe m'malo, kuchita bwino kwambiri, mphamvu zamakompyuta ndi zina zapamwamba kwambiri. tchipisi adzakhala cholinga cha tsogolo magalimoto Chip mpikisano, monga ulamuliro waukulu udindo wa MCU ndi tsogolo ECU kuchepetsa chiwerengero ndi yaing'ono, monga Tesla chassis ulamuliro ECU, limodzi lili 3-4 MCU, koma ntchito zina zosavuta MCU yoyambira idzaphatikizidwa.Ponseponse, msika wamagalimoto a MCU komanso malo oti alowe m'malo m'zaka zikubwerazi mosakayikira ndiambiri.