(Zatsopano & Zoyambirira) zili m'gulu 3S200A-4FTG256C IC Chip XC3S200A-4FTG256C

Makhalidwe a Zamalonda

 Field Programmable Gate Array

 Amunda-programmable zipata gulu(FPGA) ndiIntegrated deraidapangidwa kuti ikonzedwe ndi kasitomala kapena wopanga pambuyo popanga - chifukwa chake mawuwofield-programmable.Kukonzekera kwa FPGA nthawi zambiri kumatchulidwa pogwiritsa ntchito achinenero chofotokozera za hardwareHDL (HDL), yofanana ndi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito polembantchito-enieni Integrated dera(ASIC).Zojambula zozungulirazidagwiritsidwa ntchito kale kufotokoza kasinthidwe, koma izi zikuchulukirachulukira chifukwa chakubwera kwaElectronic design automationzida.

Ma FPGA ali ndi mndandanda wachotheka midadada ya logic, ndi mndandanda wamalumikizidwe osinthika omwe amalola midadada kulumikizidwa pamodzi.Ma block blocks amatha kukhazikitsidwa kuti achite zovutantchito zophatikiza, kapena kuchita zinthu zosavutazipata za logicmongaNDIndiXOR.Mu ma FPGA ambiri, ma logic blocks amaphatikizansozinthu kukumbukira, zomwe zingakhale zosavutaphidigu phidigukapena midadada yokwanira yokumbukira.^[1]Ma FPGA ambiri amatha kukonzedwanso kuti agwiritse ntchito mosiyanasiyanalogic ntchito, kulola kusinthasinthamakompyuta osinthikamonga zachitidwa mumapulogalamu apakompyuta.

Ma FPGA ali ndi gawo lalikulu mudongosolo lophatikizidwachitukuko chifukwa cha luso lawo loyambitsa chitukuko cha mapulogalamu a pulogalamu nthawi imodzi ndi hardware, kuthandizira machitidwe owonetsera machitidwe pa gawo loyambirira lachitukuko, ndi kulola mayesero osiyanasiyana a dongosolo ndi kubwereza mapangidwe asanamalize kamangidwe kake.^[2]

Mbiri[sinthani]

Makampani a FPGA adakula kuchokerachikumbutso chowerengera chokha(PROM) ndizida zomangira zokhazikika(PLDs).Ma PROM ndi ma PLD onse anali ndi mwayi wosankhidwa m'magulu mufakitale kapena m'munda (omwe angakonzedwenso).^[3]

Alteraidakhazikitsidwa mu 1983 ndipo idapereka chida choyamba chamakampani chomwe chingakonzedwenso mu 1984 - EP300 - chomwe chidali ndi zenera la quartz mu phukusili lomwe limalola ogwiritsa ntchito kuyatsa nyali yowala kwambiri pakufa kuti afufute.EPROMma cell omwe anali ndi kasinthidwe kachipangizo.^[4]

Xilinxadapanga gawo loyamba lokonzekera malondapachipatamu 1985^[3]Chithunzi cha XC2064.^[5]XC2064 inali ndi zipata zosinthika komanso zolumikizira zokhazikika pakati pa zipata, zoyambira zaukadaulo watsopano ndi msika.^[6]XC2064 inali ndi 64 configurable logic blocks (CLBs), yokhala ndi zolowetsa ziwiri zitatu.kuyang'ana matebulo(LUTS).^[7]

Mu 1987, aNaval Surface Warfare Centeradapereka ndalama zoyeserera zomwe Steve Casselman adapanga kuti apange kompyuta yomwe ingagwiritse ntchito zipata 600,000 zokonzedwanso.Casselman adachita bwino ndipo patent yokhudzana ndi dongosololi idaperekedwa mu 1992.^[3]

Altera ndi Xilinx adapitilirabe mosatsutsika ndipo adakula mwachangu kuyambira 1985 mpaka pakati pa 1990s pomwe opikisana nawo adakula, ndikuwononga gawo lalikulu la msika wawo.Pofika 1993, Actel (tsopanoMicrosemi) anali kutumikira pafupifupi 18 peresenti ya msika.^[6]

Zaka za m'ma 1990 zinali nthawi yakukula mwachangu kwa ma FPGA, onse pakuwongolera dera komanso kuchuluka kwa kupanga.Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, ma FPGA adagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambirimatelefonindimaukonde.Pofika kumapeto kwa zaka khumi, ma FPGA adapeza njira yogwiritsira ntchito ogula, magalimoto, ndi mafakitale.^[8]

Pofika chaka cha 2013, Altera (31 peresenti), Actel (10 peresenti) ndi Xilinx (36 peresenti) pamodzi adayimira pafupifupi 77 peresenti ya msika wa FPGA.^[9]

Makampani ngati Microsoft ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ma FPGA kuti apititse patsogolo magwiridwe antchito, makina ochulukirachulukira (mongamalo opangira dataomwe amagwira ntchito zawoMakina osakira a Bing), chifukwa chantchito pa wattmwayi FPGAs kupereka.^[10]Microsoft idayamba kugwiritsa ntchito FPGAs kutifulumiraBing mu 2014, ndipo mu 2018 idayamba kutumiza ma FPGA pazantchito zina zapa data kwa iwo.Azure cloud computingnsanja.^[11]

Nthawi zotsatirazi zikuwonetsa kupita patsogolo kwamitundu yosiyanasiyana ya mapangidwe a FPGA:

Gates

• 1987: zipata 9,000, Xilinx^[6]
• 1992: 600,000, Dipatimenti ya Nkhondo Zankhondo Zapamadzi^[3]
• Kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 2000: mamiliyoni^[8]
• 2013: 50 miliyoni, Xilinx^[12]

Kukula kwa msika

• 1985: FPGA yoyamba yamalonda : Xilinx XC2064^[5][6]
• 1987: $ 14 miliyoni^[6]
• c.1993: > $385 miliyoni^{[6][zalephera kutsimikizira]}
• 2005: $ 1.9 biliyoni^[13]
• Ziwerengero za 2010: $ 2.75 biliyoni^[13]
• 2013: $ 5.4 biliyoni^[14]
• Kuyerekeza kwa 2020: $ 9.8 biliyoni^[14]

Kupanga kumayamba

Akupanga chiyambindi njira yatsopano yokhazikitsidwa pa FPGA.

• 2005: 80,000^[15]
• 2008: 90,000^[16]

Kupanga[sinthani]

Ma FPGA amakono ali ndi zida zazikulu zazipata za logicndi ma block a RAM kuti agwiritse ntchito mawerengedwe ovuta a digito.Monga mapangidwe a FPGA amagwiritsa ntchito mitengo ya I/O yachangu kwambiri komanso ma data owongoleramabasi, zimakhala zovuta kutsimikizira nthawi yolondola ya deta yolondola mkati mwa nthawi yokhazikitsa ndi kusunga nthawi.

Kukonzekera kwapansiimathandizira kugawidwa kwazinthu mkati mwa FPGAs kuti ikwaniritse zovuta zanthawi izi.Ma FPGA atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito kukhazikitsa ntchito iliyonse yomveka yomwe aMtengo wa ASICakhoza kuchita.Kutha kusintha magwiridwe antchito pambuyo potumiza,kukonzanso pang'onoa gawo la mapangidwe^[17]ndi zotsika mtengo zauinjiniya zomwe sizimabwerezedwa mobwerezabwereza malinga ndi kapangidwe ka ASIC (ngakhale mtengo wagawo wokwera kwambiri), umapereka zabwino pamapulogalamu ambiri.^[1]

Ma FPGA ena ali ndi mawonekedwe a analogi kuwonjezera pa ntchito za digito.Chodziwika kwambiri cha analogi ndi chokhazikikamlingo wakuphapa pini iliyonse yotulutsa, kulola injiniya kuti akhazikitse mitengo yotsika pamapini odzaza mopepuka omwe akanateromphetekapenaawirimosavomerezeka, ndi kukhazikitsa mitengo yokwera pamapini odzaza kwambiri pamakanema othamanga kwambiri omwe mwina akanayenda pang'onopang'ono.^[18][19]Komanso zofala ndi quartz-kristalo oscillators, pa-chip resistance-capacitance oscillators, ndimalupu otsekedwa ndi gawondi ophatikizidwama oscillator oyendetsedwa ndi magetsiamagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mawotchi ndi kasamalidwe komanso kuthamangitsa mawotchi othamanga kwambiri a serializer-deserializer (SERDES) ndikubwezeretsa wotchi yolandila.Zodziwika bwino ndizosiyanaoyerekezapamapini olowetsa opangidwa kuti alumikizikechizindikiro chosiyananjira.Zochepa "chizindikiro chosakanikiranaFPGAs ”aphatikiza zotumphukiraosinthira analogi mpaka digito(ADCs) ndiotembenuza digito mpaka analogi(DACs) yokhala ndi zotchingira ma analogi zomwe zimawalola kuti azigwira ntchito ngati adongosolo-pa-a-chip(SoC).^[20]Zida zoterezi zimasokoneza mzere pakati pa FPGA, yomwe imanyamula digito ndi zero pansalu yake yolumikizira mkati, ndimndandanda wa analogi wokhazikika(FPAA), yomwe imakhala ndi ma analogi pansalu yake yolumikizira mkati.

Zolemba zomveka[sinthani]

Nkhani yayikulu:Logic block

Chitsanzo chosavuta cha logic cell (LUT -Onani tebulo, FA -Adder wathunthu, DFF -D-mtundu wa flip-flop)

Zomangamanga zodziwika bwino za FPGA zimakhala ndi mndandanda wamidadada ya logic(otchedwa configurable logic blocks, CLBs, kapena logic array blocks, LABs, kutengera wogulitsa),Zithunzi za I/O, ndi ma mayendedwe.^[1]Nthawi zambiri, mayendedwe onse amakhala ndi m'lifupi mwake (chiwerengero cha mawaya).Mapadi angapo a I/O amatha kukhala kutalika kwa mzere umodzi kapena m'lifupi mwa ndime imodzi pamndandanda.

"Dera lofunsira liyenera kujambulidwa kukhala FPGA yokhala ndi zofunikira zokwanira.Ngakhale kuchuluka kwa ma CLB/LABs ndi ma I/O ofunikira kumazindikirika mosavuta kuchokera pamapangidwewo, kuchuluka kwamayendedwe ofunikira kumatha kusiyanasiyana ngakhale pamapangidwe omwe ali ndi malingaliro ofanana.(Mwachitsanzo, acrossbar kusinthaimafunikira njira zambiri kuposa asystolic gulundi chiwerengero chomwecho cha zipata.Popeza mayendedwe osagwiritsidwa ntchito amawonjezera mtengo (ndikuchepetsa magwiridwe antchito) a gawolo popanda kupereka phindu lililonse, opanga FPGA amayesa kupereka mayendedwe okwanira kuti mapangidwe ambiri omwe angagwirizane ndikuyang'ana matebulo(LUTs) ndi I/Os akhoza kukhalazoyendetsedwa.Izi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ziwerengero monga zomwe zinachokeraLamulo la Rentkapena mwa kuyesa zopanga zomwe zilipo kale.”^[21]Pofika mu 2018,network-on-chipZomangamanga zopangira njira ndi kulumikizana zikupangidwa.^{[kufotokoza kofunikira]}

Kawirikawiri, chipika chomveka chimakhala ndi maselo ochepa omveka (otchedwa ALM, LE, kagawo etc.).Selo wamba imakhala ndi LUT yolowetsa 4, aadder wathunthu(FA) ndi aD-mtundu wa flip-flop.Izi zitha kugawidwa kukhala ma LUT awiri olowetsa 3.Muwabwinobwino modeizi zimaphatikizidwa kukhala LUT yolowetsa 4 kupyolera mu yoyambamultiplexer(mux).Mumasamumode, zotuluka zawo amadyetsedwa kwa adder.Kusankhidwa kwamachitidwe kumapangidwira mux yachiwiri.Kutulutsa kungakhale kayasynchronouskapenazosasinthika, kutengera dongosolo la mux wachitatu.M'malo mwake, zonse kapena zigawo za adder ndizokusungidwa ngati ntchitomu LUTs kuti mupulumutsedanga.^[22][23][24]

Ma block olimba[sinthani]

Mabanja amakono a FPGA amakulitsa zomwe zili pamwambazi kuti aphatikize magwiridwe antchito apamwamba okhazikika mu silicon.Kukhala ndi magwiridwe antchito awa ophatikizidwa muderali kumachepetsa malo omwe amafunikira ndipo kumapangitsa kuti ntchitozo ziwonjezeke liwiro poyerekeza ndi kuzimanga kuchokera kuzinthu zakale zomveka.Zitsanzo za izi zikuphatikizapoochulukitsa, genericMa block a DSP,mapurosesa ophatikizidwa, logic yothamanga kwambiri ya I/O ndikuphatikizidwakukumbukira.

Ma FPGA apamwamba amatha kukhala ndi liwiro lalikuluma transceivers ambiri a gigabitndizovuta IP coresmongaprocessor cores,Efaneti mayunitsi owongolera apakati,PCI/PCI Expressowongolera, ndi owongolera kukumbukira akunja.Ma cores awa amapezeka pambali pa nsalu yokonzekera, koma amapangidwa kuchokerama transistorsm'malo mwa LUTs kotero ali ndi ASIC-levelntchitondikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvupopanda kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zambiri za nsalu, kusiya nsalu zambiri zaulere pamalingaliro ogwiritsira ntchito.Ma transceivers ambiri a gigabit alinso ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba a analoji ndi zozungulira zotuluka pamodzi ndi ma serializers othamanga kwambiri ndi zochotsa, zida zomwe sizingamangidwe kuchokera ku LUTs.Zochita zapamwamba kwambiri (PHY) mongaline codingzitha kapena sizingachitike limodzi ndi ma serialiers ndi zochotsa pamalingaliro molimba, kutengera FPGA.