Zatsopano komanso zoyambirira za TPA3116D2DADR Zophatikiza za IC Chips zamagetsi zamagetsi

M'masiku oyambirira a semiconductor chip, silicon sanali munthu wamkulu, germanium anali.Transistor yoyamba inali germanium-based transistor ndipo choyamba chophatikizira dera chip chinali germanium chip.
Transistor yoyamba idapangidwa ndi Bardeen ndi Bratton, omwe adayambitsa bipolar transistor (BJT).Diode yoyamba ya P/N idapangidwa ndi Shockley ndipo, nthawi yomweyo, mtundu wa mphambano uwu wopangidwa ndi Shockley udakhala mawonekedwe a BJT ndipo akugwira ntchito lero.Atatuwo adalandiranso Mphotho ya Nobel mu Fizikisi chaka chimenecho mu 1956.
Transistor imatha kumveka ngati chosinthira chaching'ono.Kutengera ndi mawonekedwe a semiconductor, semiconductor yamtundu wa N imatha kupangidwa popanga semiconductor ndi phosphorous ndi semiconductor yamtundu wa P yokhala ndi boron.Kuphatikizika kwa semiconductors yamtundu wa N ndi P kumapanga mgwirizano wa PN, wofunikira mu tchipisi tamagetsi;Izi zimalola kuti ntchito zina zomveka zichitike (monga ndi zipata, kapena zipata, zopanda zipata, ndi zina).
Germanium, komabe, ili ndi zovuta zina, monga kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe ambiri mu semiconductor, kusakhazikika kwamafuta, komanso kusowa kwa ma oxides wandiweyani.Kuphatikiza apo, germanium ndi chinthu chosowa, chokhala ndi magawo 7 okha pa miliyoni padziko lapansi, komanso miyala ya germanium ilinso yamwazikana kwambiri.Ndi chifukwa chakuti germanium ndi yosowa kwambiri ndipo siinayike kwambiri kuti mtengo wa zipangizo za germanium ukhale wokwera;zinthu ndizosowa, ndipo kukwera mtengo kwa zipangizo kumapangitsa kuti germanium transistors ikhale yotsika mtengo, choncho n'zovuta kupanga germanium transistors pamlingo waukulu.

Chifukwa chake, ofufuza adalumphira pamlingo ndikuyang'ana chinthu cha silicon.Mutha kunena kuti zofooka zonse za germanium ndizopindulitsa za silicon.

Silicon ndi chinthu chachiwiri chochuluka kwambiri pambuyo pa okosijeni, koma kwenikweni simungapeze ma silicon monomers m'chilengedwe;mankhwala ake ambiri ndi silica ndi silicates.Mwa izi, silika ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za mchenga.Kuonjezera apo, mankhwala monga feldspar, granite, ndi quartz zonse zimachokera ku mankhwala a silica-oxygen.

Silicon ndi yokhazikika pa thermally, imakhala yowundana, ya dielectric constant oxide, ndipo imatha kukonzedwa mosavuta ndi mawonekedwe a silicon-silicon oxide okhala ndi zolakwika zochepa kwambiri.

Silicon oxide imasungunuka m'madzi (germanium oxide imasungunuka m'madzi) ndipo imasungunuka m'madzi ambiri, zomwe zimangofanana bwino ndi njira yosindikizira ya dzimbiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pama board osindikizira.Chopangidwa ndi kuphatikiza uku ndi njira yathyathyathya ya mabwalo ophatikizika omwe akupitilizabe mpaka pano.
Mizati ya kristalo ya silicon

Ulendo wa silicon kupita pamwamba
Ntchito yolephera: Zimanenedwa kuti Shockley adawona mwayi waukulu wamsika panthawi yomwe palibe amene adakwanitsa kupanga silicon transistor;ndichifukwa chake adachoka ku Bell Labs mu 1956 kukayambitsa kampani yake ku California.Tsoka ilo, Shockley sanali wazamalonda wabwino ndipo kasamalidwe ka bizinesi yake inali ntchito yopusa poyerekeza ndi luso lake lamaphunziro.Kotero Shockley mwiniwake sanakwaniritse chikhumbo chofuna kusintha germanium ndi silicon, ndipo gawo la moyo wake wonse linali podium pa yunivesite ya Stanford.Patatha chaka chimodzi chikhazikitsidwe, anyamata asanu ndi atatu aluso omwe adawalemba adachoka kwa iye, ndipo anali "achiwembu asanu ndi atatu" omwe adayenera kumaliza chikhumbo chofuna kusintha germanium ndi silicon.

Kuwonjezeka kwa silicon transistor

A Eight Renegades asanakhazikitse Fairchild Semiconductor, ma transistors a germanium anali msika waukulu wa ma transistors, okhala ndi ma transistors pafupifupi 30 miliyoni opangidwa ku United States mu 1957, ma transistors a silicon miliyoni miliyoni ndi pafupifupi 29 miliyoni ma germanium transistors.Ndi gawo la msika la 20%, Texas Instruments idakhala chimphona pamsika wa transistor.
Opanduka asanu ndi atatu ndi Fairchild Semiconductor

Makasitomala akuluakulu amsika, boma la US ndi asitikali, akufuna kugwiritsa ntchito tchipisi tambirimbiri pamaroketi ndi zida zoponya, kukulitsa katundu wofunikira ndikuwongolera kudalirika kwamalo owongolera.Koma ma transistors amakumananso ndi zovuta zogwirira ntchito chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri komanso kugwedezeka kwamphamvu.

Germanium ndiyo yoyamba kutayika ikafika kutentha: ma transistors a germanium amatha kupirira kutentha kwa 80 ° C kokha, pamene zofunikira za asilikali ndizogwira ntchito yokhazikika ngakhale pa 200 ° C.Ma silicon transistors okha amatha kupirira kutentha uku.
The zachikhalidwe silicon transistor

Fairchild adapanga njira yopangira ma transistors a silicon, kuwapangitsa kukhala osavuta komanso ogwira mtima ngati mabuku osindikizidwa komanso otsika mtengo kwambiri kuposa ma germanium transistors pamitengo.Njira ya Fairchild yopanga ma silicon transistors ndi yovuta motere.

Choyamba, mawonekedwe amajambula ndi manja, nthawi zina aakulu kwambiri moti amatengera khoma, ndiyeno chojambulacho chimajambulidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala pepala laling'ono lowoneka bwino, nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi mizere iwiri ya mapepala atatu, iliyonse ikuyimira chigawo chozungulira.

Kachiwiri, zinthu zosamva kuwala zimayikidwa pa chowotcha chosalala cha silicon chopukutidwa ndi chopukutidwa, ndipo UV / laser imagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza mawonekedwe ozungulira kuchokera papepala losinthira kupita ku chowotcha cha silicon.

Chachitatu, madera ndi mizere mu gawo lamdima la pepala losasunthika limasiya mawonekedwe osawonekera pa chotupa cha silicon;machitidwe osawonekerawa amatsukidwa ndi yankho la asidi, ndipo mwina zonyansa za semiconductor zimawonjezeredwa (njira yofalitsa) kapena zowongolera zitsulo zimakutidwa.

Chachinayi, kubwereza masitepe atatu omwe ali pamwambawa pa mtanda uliwonse wowongoka, ma transistors ambiri amatha kupezeka pazitsulo za silicon, zomwe zimadulidwa ndi akazi ogwira ntchito pa microscope ndikugwirizanitsa ndi mawaya, kenaka amapakidwa, kuyesedwa, ndi kugulitsidwa.

Ndi ma transistors a silicon omwe amapezeka mochulukirapo, oyambitsa asanu ndi atatu opanduka a Fairchild anali m'gulu lamakampani omwe angayime pambali pa zimphona monga Texas Instruments.

Chinthu chachikulu - Intel
Kunali kupangidwa kotsatira kwa dera lophatikizika lomwe linafotokoza mwachidule za ulamuliro wa germanium.Panthawiyo, panali mizere iwiri yaukadaulo, imodzi ya mabwalo ophatikizika pa tchipisi ta germanium kuchokera ku Texas Instruments ndi imodzi ya mabwalo ophatikizika pa tchipisi ta silicon kuchokera ku Fairchild.Poyamba, makampani awiriwa anali ndi mkangano woopsa pa umwini wa zovomerezeka pamagulu ophatikizika, koma pambuyo pake Ofesi ya Patent inazindikira umwini wa mavoti pamagulu ophatikizidwa ndi makampani onse awiri.
Komabe, momwe njira ya Fairchild idatsogola kwambiri, idakhala muyeso wamabwalo ophatikizika ndipo ikupitilizabe kugwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano.Pambuyo pake, Noyce, yemwe anayambitsa dera lophatikizidwa, ndi Moore, yemwe anayambitsa Chilamulo cha Moore, adachoka ku Centron Semiconductor, omwe, mwachidziwikire, onse anali mamembala a "Eight Traitors".Pamodzi ndi Grove, adapanga zomwe tsopano ndi kampani yayikulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi ya semiconductor chip, Intel.
Oyambitsa atatu a Intel, kuchokera kumanzere: Grove, Noyce, ndi Moore

Muzochitika zotsatila, Intel idakankhira tchipisi ta silicon.Yagonjetsa zimphona monga Texas Instruments, Motorola, ndi IBM kuti ikhale mfumu ya semiconductor yosungirako ndi CPU gawo.

Pamene Intel adakhala wosewera kwambiri pamakampani, silicon idathetsanso germanium, ndipo zomwe kale zinali Santa Clara Valley zidatchedwa "Silicon Valley".Kuyambira pamenepo, tchipisi ta silicon chakhala chofanana ndi tchipisi ta semiconductor pamawonekedwe a anthu.

Germany, komabe, ili ndi zovuta zina zovuta kuzithetsa, monga zolakwika zambiri zamawonekedwe a semiconductors, kusakhazikika kwamafuta, komanso kusowa kwa ma oxides wandiweyani.Komanso, germanium ndi chinthu chosowa, chomwe chili ndi magawo 7 okha pa miliyoni padziko lapansi, komanso miyala ya germanium ilinso yamwazikana kwambiri.Ndi chifukwa chakuti germanium ndi yosowa kwambiri ndipo siinayike kwambiri kuti mtengo wa zipangizo za germanium ukhale wokwera;zinthu ndizosowa, ndipo kukwera mtengo kwa zipangizo kumapangitsa kuti germanium transistors ikhale yotsika mtengo, choncho n'zovuta kupanga germanium transistors pamlingo waukulu.

Chifukwa chake, ofufuza adalumphira pamlingo ndikuyang'ana chinthu cha silicon.Mutha kunena kuti zofooka zonse za germanium ndi mphamvu za silicon.

Silicon ndi chinthu chachiwiri chochuluka kwambiri pambuyo pa okosijeni, koma kwenikweni simungapeze ma silicon monomers m'chilengedwe;mankhwala ake ambiri ndi silica ndi silicates.Mwa izi, silika ndi chimodzi mwa zigawo zikuluzikulu za mchenga.Kuonjezera apo, mankhwala monga feldspar, granite, ndi quartz zonse zimachokera ku mankhwala a silica-oxygen.

Silicon ndi yokhazikika pa thermally, imakhala yowundana, ya dielectric constant oxide, ndipo imatha kukonzedwa mosavuta ndi mawonekedwe a silicon-silicon oxide okhala ndi zolakwika zochepa kwambiri.

Silicon oxide imasungunuka m'madzi (germanium oxide imasungunuka m'madzi) ndipo imasungunuka m'madzi ambiri, zomwe zimangofanana bwino ndi njira yosindikizira ya dzimbiri yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pama board osindikizira.Chopangidwa ndi kuphatikiza uku ndi njira yophatikizira yozungulira yomwe ikupitilira mpaka lero.