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Zachilengedwe & Zogulitsa kunja

Integrated circuit (IC), yomwe imatchedwanso microelectronic circuit, microchip, kapena chip, msonkhano wazamagetsizida, zopangidwa ngati gawo limodzi, momwe zida zogwirira ntchito zazing'ono (mwachitsanzo,ma transistorsndidiodes) ndi zipangizo (monga,capacitorsndiresistors) ndi kulumikizana kwawo kumamangidwa pagawo lochepa thupi lasemiconductorzinthu (nthawi zambirisilicon).Zotsatira zakederachoncho ndi yaing'onomonolithic"chip," chomwe chingakhale chaching'ono ngati masentimita angapo mbali zonse kapena mamilimita ochepa chabe.Magawo omwe amazungulira pawokha nthawi zambiri amakhala osawoneka bwino.

 Zophatikizidwama circuits ali ndi chiyambi chawo pakupangidwa kwatransistormu 1947 paWilliam B. Shockleyndi timu yake kuKampani yaku America Telefoni ndi Telegraph Bell Laboratories.Gulu la Shockley (kuphatikizaJohn BardeenndiWalter H. Brattain) adapeza kuti, pamikhalidwe yoyenera,ma elekitironizingapangitse chotchinga pamwamba pa zinamakhiristo, ndipo anaphunzira kulamulira kuyenda kwamagetsikudzera kukristalopotengera chotchinga ichi.Kuwongolera ma elekitironi kudutsa mu krustalo kunalola gululo kupanga chipangizo chomwe chingagwire ntchito zina zamagetsi, monga kukulitsa ma sign, zomwe zidachitika kale ndi machubu owumitsa.Iwo anatcha chipangizochi kuti transistor, kuchokera ku mawu osakanikiranakusamutsandiwotsutsa.Kuphunzira kwa njira zopangira zida zamagetsi pogwiritsa ntchito zida zolimba kudadziwika kuti solid-statezamagetsi.Zida zolimbazinali zolimba kwambiri, zosavuta kuzigwiritsa ntchito, zodalirika, zazing'ono kwambiri, komanso zotsika mtengo kuposa machubu oumitsa.Pogwiritsa ntchito mfundo ndi zipangizo zomwezo, mainjiniya posakhalitsa anaphunzira kupanga zinthu zina zamagetsi, monga ma resistors ndi capacitor.Tsopano kuti zida zamagetsi zitha kupangidwa zazing'ono kwambiri, gawo lalikulu kwambiri la dera linali waya wovuta pakati pa zidazo.

Mitundu yoyambira ya IC

Analogimolimbana ndizozungulira digito

Analogi, kapena mizere, mabwalo amagwiritsira ntchito zigawo zochepa chabe ndipo motero ndi ena mwa mitundu yosavuta ya IC.Nthawi zambiri, mabwalo a analogi amalumikizidwa ndi zida zomwe zimasonkhanitsa ma signature kuchokera kuchilengedwekapena kutumiza zizindikiro kubwerera ku chilengedwe.Mwachitsanzo, amaikolofoniamasintha mamvekedwe a mawu osinthasintha kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi chamagetsi osiyanasiyana.Dongosolo la analogi kenako limasinthira chizindikirocho mwanjira ina yothandiza, monga kukulitsa kapena kusefa phokoso losafunikira.Chizindikiro choterechi chimatha kutumizidwanso ku chowuzira, chomwe chimatulutsanso mamvekedwe omwe adatengedwa ndi maikolofoni.Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwina kwa dera la analogi ndikuwongolera chipangizo china poyankha kusintha kosalekeza kwa chilengedwe.Mwachitsanzo, sensor ya kutentha imatumiza chizindikiro chosiyana ku achotenthetsera, yomwe imatha kukonzedwa kuti iziyatsa ndi kuzimitsa chotenthetsera mpweya, chotenthetsera, kapena uvuni pamene chizindikiro chafika pamlingo wina.mtengo.

Mbali ina ya digito, kumbali ina, idapangidwa kuti ivomereze ma voltages azinthu zomwe zaperekedwa.Dera lomwe limagwiritsa ntchito zigawo ziwiri zokha limadziwika kuti binary circuit.Mapangidwe ozungulira okhala ndi kuchuluka kwa binary, "on" ndi "off" kuyimira 1 ndi 0 (ie, zoona ndi zabodza), amagwiritsa ntchito malingaliro aAlgebra ya boolean.(Arithmetic imachitikanso muBinary number systemkugwiritsa ntchito algebra ya Boolean.) Zinthu zofunikazi zimaphatikizidwa m'mapangidwe a ma IC a makompyuta a digito ndi zida zogwirizana nazo kuti agwire ntchito zomwe akufuna.

Microprocessormadera

Ma Microprocessorsndi ma IC ovuta kwambiri.Amapangidwa ndi mabiliyoni ama transistorszomwe zakhazikitsidwa ngati masauzande a digitomadera, iliyonse yomwe imagwira ntchito zina zomveka.Microprocessor imapangidwa kwathunthu ndi mabwalo omveka awa olumikizidwa wina ndi mzake.Ma Microprocessors nthawi zambiri amakhala ndichapakati processing unit(CPU) ya kompyuta.

Monga gulu loguba, mabwalowa amachita ntchito zawo zomveka pongoyang'aniridwa ndi bandmaster.Woyang'anira gulu mu microprocessor, titero kunena kwake, amatchedwa wotchi.Wotchi ndi chizindikiro chomwe chimasinthasintha mwachangu pakati pa zigawo ziwiri zomveka.Nthawi iliyonse wotchi imasintha chikhalidwe, malingaliro aliwonsederamu microprocessor amachita chinachake.Kuwerengera kumatha kupangidwa mwachangu kwambiri, kutengera liwiro (mafupipafupi a wotchi) ya microprocessor.

Ma Microprocessors ali ndi mabwalo ena, omwe amadziwika kuti regista, omwe amasunga zambiri.Registry ndi malo omwe amakumbukiridwa kale.Purosesa iliyonse ili ndi mitundu yambiri yolembetsa.Zolembera zokhazikika zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga malangizo okonzedweratu ofunikira pazochitika zosiyanasiyana (monga kuwonjezera ndi kuchulukitsa).Zolembera zosakhalitsa zimasunga manambala omwe akuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito komanso zotsatira zake.Zitsanzo zina za zolembera zikuphatikizapo pulogalamu yowerengera (yomwe imatchedwanso pointer pointer), yomwe ili ndi adiresi pokumbukira malangizo otsatirawa;cholozera cha stack (chomwe chimatchedwanso kuti stack register), chomwe chili ndi adiresi ya malangizo omaliza omwe amaikidwa m'dera la kukumbukira lotchedwa stack;ndi kaundula adiresi kukumbukira, amene ali adiresi kumenedetazomwe ziyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito zili kapena komwe deta yomwe yakonzedwa idzasungidwa.

Ma Microprocessors amatha kugwira ntchito mabiliyoni pamphindikati pa data.Kuphatikiza pa makompyuta, ma microprocessors amapezekansomachitidwe amasewera apakanema,ma TV,makamera,ndimagalimoto.

Memorymadera

Ma Microprocessors nthawi zambiri amafunikira kusunga zambiri kuposa zomwe zingasungidwe m'marejista angapo.Zowonjezera izi zimasamutsidwa kumadera apadera a kukumbukira.Memorywapangidwa ndi mizere yowundana ya mabwalo ofanana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo kuti asunge zambiri.Memory imasunganso kutsatizana kwakanthawi kwa malangizo, kapena pulogalamu, ya microprocessor.

Opanga nthawi zonse amayesetsa kuchepetsa kukula kwa mabwalo a kukumbukira-kuwonjezera luso popanda kuwonjezera malo.Kuphatikiza apo, tinthu tating'onoting'ono nthawi zambiri timagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zochepa, zimagwira ntchito bwino, komanso zimawononga ndalama zochepa popanga.